African Civilization

Chapter 1 Physical Context of African History: Geography and Environment 1. Although some may think of Africa as being of a single climate and terrain description, in reality a wide variety of land types can be found throughout Africa. How does this wide variety of climates and physical terrains affect human life and settlement patterns on the African continent? Different terrains and climates allowed for different lifestyles for Africans in different regions. Those close to the sea were susceptible to invasion, but had the advantage of maritime trade.Those living more in land were isolated but protected by the diseases visitors would contract that did not affect the locals. Due to the fact that Africa is so massive, it has many different climates and terrain types. Some are more favorable to living conditions for humans and some not so much such as the Sahara Desert. Page Ref: 4-8 Topic: Physical Features of the Continent 2. Despite its large size, much of Africa has a very low popu lation density. What are the reasons that most of Africa’s population is crowded in a few small regions?This is due to the fact that there are a few areas in which the soil is not poor. Areas such as volcanic highlands; in which are cooler and have richer soils, allowing for important crops to grow. Page Ref: 8-9 Topic: Challenges of the African Environment 3. What factors limit the agricultural viability of land in Africa? Why is this seen more in some parts of the continent than in others? Assess how these factors would most likely affect human populations in Africa. There are parts of Africa in which the soil is very poor due to years of inactivity.This makes it harder for farmers to tend and grow crops. Other parts get barely any rain or too much rain. Human population would be more prominent in areas where there is good soil, allowing for the flourishing of society. Page Ref: 9 4. How has the presence of disease in Africa served as both a positive and a negative factor t hroughout its history? Diseases in Africa served as a positive in that it protected Africans from invasions. Outsiders who tried to invade where not accustom to tropical parts of the Country which carried many diseases.The locals were born in raised in these areas which made them fair better as their immune systems were adapted to these diseases. Page Ref: 9-12 5. There are several primary differences between malaria and yellow fever in terms of their effects on humans. Considering the differences between the two, which disease would have had a greater effect on preventing foreign intervention and advancement in Africa? When supporting your answer, consider the effect these diseases had on indigenous populations as well. Yellow Fever would have the greater effect on preventing foreign invasion.This is true because unlike malaria Africans usually contract yellow fever as kids and become immune to it, unlike outsiders who are not. Malaria is both equally fatal to outsiders as it is to locals, especially cerebral malaria. Page Ref: 9-11 6. Assess the role of trypanosomiasis in the formation of the African economy. Provide specific examples to support your assessment. Trypanosomiasis affected the formation of the African economy by the way it affected animals. Due to the fact that this disease killed many animals, areas in which the disease was prevalent would hurt the local economy.It prevented people in these areas to keep cattle which were important for their livelihoods. Additionally, the fact that this disease was cruel to Horses, the military would be affected as well, due to the sheer importance of horses for military uses. 7. Consider explanations given for the rising number of cases of trypanosomiasis in the recent past. What effects do you feel this increase and the cause behind it would have on life in Africa amongst native populations as well as foreign settlers? As long as there are areas that are depopulated, tsetse flies will begin to redeveloped in these areas.This will cause cattle to die out and affect the local and foreign farmers. Page Ref: 12 8. Despite very similar climates, the histories of Africa and Australia and its surrounding islands have been very different. Consider the theory presented in the text to explain this reality, and assess how it can be applied to North America. This can be applied to North America, due to the fact that as climates and terrains change and diseases take a toll on population, one must adapt with the environment in which we live in. Page Ref: 12-13 Topic: The African Environment in Global Perspective . Consider how Africa’s geography has changed over time. What positive and negative effects would these changes have had on human populations on the continent? As their new homes changed they were able to adapt due to their innovative mindset. This can be attributed to the new found organization thanks to language. Allowing Africans to grow and expand throughout the entire continent. Other factors that can be attributed are the change in geography for some parts such as the Sahara drying out and swamps and lakes disappeared. Page Ref: 4-8 Topic: Physical Features of the Continent 0. Compare African geography to North American geography. Despite any similarities, significant differences exist in agricultural patterns and population density. What are the reasons for these differences, and how do they reflect the uniqueness of Africa? Africa is an extremely big continent and because of this there are many different climates and terrains. North America can fit three times in the continent of Africa. Although North America has a vast set of climates and terrains as well, it does not have to deal with the sheer size of Africa in order to flourish.North America also tends to get an even amount of rain throughout the continent, unlike Africa. In Africa the people must take advantage of the rich terrains, reason why some areas are so populated as opposed to others. Page Ref: 4-8 Chapter 2 Africa and Human Origins 1. How did the theories espoused by biologists such as Carl Linnaeus and Charles Darwin alter previous perceptions of human origins and animal life on earth? What role do you believe these theories had in establishing Africa as the original home of human life on earth?Both Carl and Charles believed that humans adapted from a primates. This way of thinking that humans adapted from a past species due to environmental changes, got the ball rolling on a way of thinking involving evolution. As a result of the remains of a skeleton that was found in Germany that could not be identified. This seemed to give proof to the idea of adaptation. Because the earliest human ancestor specimen remains were found in Africa, gave light to it being the origin of human life on earth. Page Ref: 15-16 Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Origins and the Notion of Race . Why do paleontologists believe that fossils of creatures such as Australopithecus africa nus and Homo erectus are ancestors of modern humans? Do you find this evidence to be credible? Why or why not? I do find the evidence to be credible due to the many similarities between their structure and ours. As we have found through history, that all living things adapt to their environment. We are just a more adapted form of these fossils. Page Ref: 16-19 Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives to the 1980s 3. What effect did the mobility of Homo erectus have on the course of human history?Why is this important, and what does it signal about its role in evolutionary biology? The mobility of Homo erectus allowed for the developments of tools such as the Acheulean. They also were the first to expand into different environments, allowing for expansion and population growth. This affected human history in a great way, because their expansion allowed for the growth and survival of the human race. Page Ref: 18-19 4. What potential flaws do you see with the Multiregional model of human devel opment? Assess the evidence in support of this model. The evidence that an extra evolution only passed through Europe is sketchy.There is nothing to prove that Neanderthals only existed in Europe and nowhere else. All past Homo species eventually evolved into what we are today. That should show us that we are all equal and no race is superior to the other. Page Ref: 19 5. How have paleontological discoveries made within the past few decades contributed to our knowledge about the origins and evolution of modern humans? Were these all in Africa? What might explain this? Through the discovery of the past fossils it gave us proof of human evolution through time. Not all were found in Africa as there was one found in Germany for example.However it appears that the oldest fossils we evolved from are indeed found in Africa. Page Ref: 19-22 Topic: New Perspectives and Debates since the 1980s 6. How does the â€Å"Out of Africa† model differ from the â€Å"Multiregional model†? What evidence exists to show that one is probably more accurate than the other? The main difference is that in the Out of Africa model; most of the evolution took place in Africa. While in the Multiregional model evolution occurred in isolation in different areas of the world. And additionally, there was an extra evolution step in Europe.Most of the fossil evidence supports the Out of Africa model and most experts agree in that all humans derive from Africa originally. Page Ref: 19, 21-22 Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives to the 1980s, New Perspectives and Debates since the 1980s 7. The issue of race has long been controversial in evolutionary biology and related fields of study. What does the â€Å"Out of Africa† model contribute to the debate on race, and what does it mean for theories on race as a biological construct? This model states that all humans are the same race essentially (African) and it does not matter what color skin we are if the origins all trace back to Afr ica.The theories of race are only about individuality and social and political classes. At the end of the day everybody is just one race: human. Page Ref: 22 Topic: Questioning Race 8. What is the significance of Neanderthal fossils? How do these differ from other fossils, and how have they contributed to ideas regarding race and racial superiority? Neanderthal fossils are the closest fossils to the human race. They have the closest skull measurements, essentially making them closest to being as smart as humans today. Neanderthals since the 1980’s are considered the end of an evolution for a species that is radically different from modern humans.However, before this determination the Europeans viewed the Neanderthals as an example of racial superiority. Page Ref: 19 Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives to the 1980s 9. Where do early ideas about race and race specific characteristics originate? What does this signify about Europeans prior to the development of evolutionary biology and related theories regarding the development of racial differences? They originated from the scientist trying to find proof of races superiority over another one. Europeans were trying to justify racial segregation, denial of rights, and colonial rule. Page Ref: 15-16Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Origins and the Notion of Race 10. How has the Human Genome Project been used to establish Africa’s place in the story of human origins? What has it revealed, and what does it signify about evolutionary biology and the â€Å"Out of Africa† model? It proved that all human population shares an incredibly close genetic relationship. It also proved that humans lived in Africa longer than any other part of the world. This discovery gives scientific support in that all humans races originate in Africa. Page Ref: 21-22 Topic: New Perspectives and Debates since the 1980s

Raina Petkoff and her Cover-up Essay

Bernard Shaw’s works make us doubt principles and ideals, which we accepted without a question. The economic status of the Petkoff’s is one of wealth, and the fact that they are rich makes us think of a well-mannered and educated family, especially the young girl. The young girl should give us a sense of nobility and in fact she does in this story. The young girl in â€Å"Arms and the Man† gives us the impression that she is an ideal daughter, lover and citizen. But is she really? This girl tries to portray this stereotypical personality but proves not to be quite the noble girl she plays. At a certain point she sees herself in a very compromising position and is forced to change. As the play begins and we start getting to know this girl, Raina Petkoff we start noticing that she is a bit vain. The stage directions go as follows: â€Å"†¦On the balcony a young lady, intensely conscious of the romantic beauty of the night, and of the fact that her own youth and beauty are part of it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1561). This excerpt takes away some of the innocence she portrays in a subtle way. The next deception comes when the Swiss enters through the window; instead of screaming for help she decides to help him hide. She even lies to the Bulgarian officer who is looking for the Swiss, betraying her own country. Raina and the Swiss get to know each other a little, and with his experience he can see right through her. He instantly discovered the superficial coating over a very rough interior. The mother, Catherine, proves to be the same when she abandons her patriotism and loyalty and helps the Serb officer to hide and even escape the next morning. â€Å"Like father, like son† they say. But the biggest surprise comes when the Swiss or Serbian officer or Bluntschli blows Raina’s cover. Raina is outraged or pretends to be when Bluntschli throws the truth at her face. He calls her a liar and insists on it. She gets furious at first, but gives in when she realizes she’s got no way out. Her reaction is: â€Å"†¦ I! I!!!†¦How did you find me out?† (1591). And here she confesses that the â€Å"noble attitude† and the â€Å"thrilling voice† is just a cover-up. This is Raina’s turning point. We could say that at this point she went from being a girl to being a woman; at this point she matured. Another important fact to my case is the picture of herself she left in the jacket for Bluntschli to find, and the message it contained. â€Å"†¦My chocolate cream soldier†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1603) is the name Raina gives Bluntschli in the dedication of the picture. This title given to Bluntschli suggests some type of affection that at this point is obvious but if the audience had learned of it as it happened chronologically it would be very shocking. After the turning point described above, Raina becomes a more outgoing and sincere person. She describes her own cover-up personality as a â€Å"noble attitude and thrilling voice† (1591) to Bluntschli. Raina also says Bluntschli is the first person that didn’t take her fake personality seriously. She confesses to the point that she mocks the people who believe her â€Å"noble self† by saying: â€Å"†¦ I did it when I was a child to my nurse. She believed in it. I do it before my parents. They believe in it. I do it before Sergius. He believes in it† (1591). That incident of calling her a liar made Raina mature. It was a turning point in the life of this character and in the plot of â€Å"Arms and the Man†. Bernard Shaw uses his comedies to criticize many ideals by mocking them. In the case of â€Å"Arms and the Man† he takes the nobility of a wealthy, respected family and destroys it by mocking many of its aspects. In this essay I analyze how Shaw takes the view of innocence of a young, noble, rich girl and changes it to make it crude reality, he makes the Petkoff’s look like common people with very little nobility. Works Cited Shaw, George Bernard. â€Å"Arms and the Man.† Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and the Essay. Ed. Robert DiYanni. 5th Ed. New York: McGraw, 2002. 1561-1604.

Discussion DB 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion DB 5 - Essay Example Given below are the three products for which the consumer demand has been found decreasing for the recent years. Carbonated soft-drinks Until the recent years, the per capita consumption of carbonated soft-drinks has been increasing at a high speed in the established markets. However, the demographic trends have caused the products to reach at their decline stage. Throughout the established countries, teenagers and youngsters contributed the most part of consumers for soft drinks. The decline of popularity in these countries can also be attributed to the decreasing birth rates and ageing populations, for the condition would reduce the demand for the carbonated soft-drink products. The number of people most likely to consume carbonated soft-drink products declined to a very low level in the established markets. Another important problem is the society’s increased focus on â€Å"health and fitness, well-being, and their anxiety about obesity†; for example, Coca-Cola has b ecome the victim of this phenomenon recently (â€Å"Coca-cola innovates†, 2010). Toilet soaps The consumer demand for the toilet soaps has gone down to its lowest point. Firms find it difficult to move their toilet products, especially soaps out of the market.

HUM310_LU2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HUM310_LU2 - Essay Example iest way is to make our government entirely consistent with itself, and give to every loyal citizen the elective franchise, - a right and power which will be ever present, and will form a wall of fire for his protection’. In the eighteenth and nineteenth century, racial discrimination was rampant and the whites maintained a racial divide within the society through deliberate use of powerful lobby of the whites and financial advantages that they enjoyed over their less privileged counterparts. Racial differences were very apparent in southern American states whereas the northern American colonies had considerably moved forward in terms of black population enjoying more rights and privileges. The slavery was motivated by the human selfishness and vested interests. So despite bill of civil rights and constitutional promulgation of abolition of slavery, the ground reality remained bleak for the blacks till the rebellion which forced the government to introduce more efficient and effective tools so that equal rights could be enjoyed by ever American citizen. The rebellion brought out the blacks in the forefront of American polity. It made Congress notice the continued oppression of the blacks and take appropriate action through legislative rights. The article is very succinct in claiming that ‘If with the negro was success in war, and without him failure, so in peace it will be found that the nation must fall or flourish with the negro’. The reconstruction of society that provides equality and basic human dignity of life has become vital for peaceful co-existence. The elected government must ensure the same. Indeed, the values have tremendously changed. The blacks are no more looked down by the hitherto privileged class. Equal opportunity has provided the masses with education and employment, considerably raising the living status of the blacks and the minority. Indeed, as the article asserts that ‘They want a reconstruction such as will protect loyal men,

Current Congress Legislation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Current Congress Legislation - Essay Example Taxing small businesses fairly is a very important step in promoting them. American is strong due to the important role played by small businesses. Statistics indicate that more than 90 percent of all employers are small businesses. Therefore, if small businesses are not healthy, reducing unemployment in America is easy. Economists estimate that value of output from small businesses is 50% of non-farm GDP. With such a huge amount of output for the country, promoting small businesses is good for the American economy. The same companies are responsible for producing much of the knowledge that gives America competitive advantage over competitors. Small firms produce more patent per employee than large companies do. This suggests that without small firms, knowledge creation would take a beating. Small businesses in America are found everywhere. The numbers of small businesses are estimated at more than 22 million. A law that is beneficial to this huge number of small businesses will be felt in virtually every neighborhood in America. By virtue of their spread, they employ as much as 50% of all employees in private sector. Another important contribution of small businesses is exporting ("Office of Advocacy - Press Releases - Small Businesses Are Important Players in U.S. Business and Job Growth†). Currently, American is facing trade deficit because Americans import too much consumption goods more than export. By exporting, small business help, prevent the present trade imbalance from getting worse. Approximately 97% of American exporters are small businesses who export goods and services values as 27%of total export. Small businesses in America are started at a rate of half a million per year. This explains their capacity for creating jobs for Americans. If they are supported, more of these small businesses would succeed. Lastly, even the big Americans corporations that pay billions in tax every

The Perestroika Deception Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Perestroika Deception - Research Paper Example â€Å"It is also the world’s largest country in terms of area, described to be nearly twice the size of the United States. 1 It has also the biggest nuclear arsenals in the world. The Chernobyl Nuclear Plant Accident in 1986 is just one of its nuclear plants.2 â€Å"Its national language is Russian. Slavs account for the majority of the population.† 3 Russia is also one of those nations that had structural and ideological changes that affected the whole world. One of these radical changes is the what they call â€Å"Perestroika† from the derivative word Russian perestroika : pere-, around, again (from Old Russian) + stroika, construction (from stroit', to build , from Old Russian stroiti , from stroji, order)3 . Comes with Perestroika is the word â€Å" Glasnost† which means â€Å"openness†. 4 â€Å"In communist regimes crises are usually hidden from the outside world; because of the absence of democratic processes and the suppression of internal opposition, popular political, social, and economic discontents accumulate and threaten to develop into serious upheavals or revolts of the entire population against the system as a whole.† 5 There are lots of questions and debates which remain unanswered about Perestroika. For example, the â€Å"Perestroika Deception† is like an opened pandora’s box by Anatoliy Golitsyn who warns of an imminent threat from communist community which strategizes to bring all countries (communist and non-communist countries) into One-World Order of Communism? or is it just a political structural policy to shape domestic issues? Did Russia actually benefit from it or not? These are just some questions which this paper would like to try to gather and present some answers. 1 â€Å"Moscow-Rich in Russia- Facts & Stats†, Oct. 2003. Frontline World. Available from http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/moscow/facts.html 2 â€Å" Russian History Timeline. History Timelines. [da tabase online], n.d. http://www.history-timelines.org.uk/places-timelines/36-russian-history-timeline.htm 3 â€Å"Perestroika’s Root Word†, American Heritage Dictionary, http://www.answers.com/topic/perestroika ( accessed April 01,2011) 4 â€Å"Glasnost†, Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, http://www.answers.com/topic/glasnost (accessed April, 03, 2011) 5 Anatoliy Golitsyn, New Lies For Old:The Communist Strategy of Deception and Disinformation http://www.spiritoftruth.org/newlies4old.pdf (accessed April 03, 2011) Thesis Statement The centerpiece of this paper is â€Å"Perestroika†. However, Perestroika is being presented from two points of view. The first point of view would come from the point of view of a Western critic as he perceives it from what Mikhail Gorbachev would like people to perceive. The second point of view is a radical twist from what it is being showcased to the world as revealed by a high KGB official and defector in the person of Anatol iy Golitsyn. He claims that Perestroika is a huge deception of the communist bloc and is just part of a bigger grand strategy of the World Communist community intended to defeat existing countries with the ideologies of democracy. This paper seeks to present in a logical and chronological manner how events have build up from its roots up to how it was uncovered. This paper intends to present the following: one is, to reveal the real issues about Perestroika as showcased to the world against its part of deception; second, is to identify and

International trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International trade - Essay Example The theory of comparative advantage insinuates that reducing trade limits (trade liberalization) and opening up global markets would lead to benefits from trade for all parties concerned. However, the theory is one thing, getting nations to agree to break down complex trade obstacles they have put up over the years is another thing altogether. Taking this complexity into account, how is it possible to know that countries that claim to have relaxed their trade restrictions actually have? Even if it is possible to confirm that this has happened, is there any evidence to ascertain that trade liberalization actually brings benefits to the developing world, where problems arising from the difficulty of penetrating the markets of the developed world are very grave? This paper aims to answer this question and more. Key words Trade liberalization, protectionism, trade barriers, tariffs, quotas, comparative advantage Most studies (extensive and comprehensive studies going back as far as the 7 0s and 80s, and more recent (though less reliable) ones conducted using cross-country regression analysis) strongly indicate that countries that have more liberal trade laws grow faster and have more open economies compared to those that have more protectionist policies (Buffie 2001, pg. 15). Since 1980, the PCIs of third world countries that have a combined population of over 3 billion people have doubled; this is according to figures released by the OECD and the World Bank. In addition to this, they have managed to slash, by more than 30%, their mean import tariffs, as well as almost tripling their ratios of trade-to-GDP. This means that only third world countries that are less developed, have combined populations of less than 2 billion, whose trade-to-GDP ratios and PCIs are stagnant, and who have insignificant decline in mean import tariffs, are left. Unlike the rest, the new globalizers have also witnessed dramatic improvements in welfare indicators and significant reductions i n poverty. A lot has been made of the World’s Bank’s decision to revise its approximations of future effects of trade liberalization. They are not unimportant. However, trade liberalization only is not a panacea (Okamoto 2004, pg. 46). In order to fully realize productivity benefits, external liberalization should be integrated into comprehensive market-based reforms and be supported by institutional reforms that buttress markets – just like David Hume and Adam Smith indicated more than 2 centuries ago. The main point however remains that richer developing countries are those that have carried out massive liberalization of foreign direct investment (FDI) and external trade as a part of a broader move towards market economies (Vietnam and China are the perfect examples). So much for the very fallacious view that high protection in Vietnam and China has not stifled fast growth and has in fact triggered it. Should only developed countries liberalize trade during th e Doha round? Northern trade limits suppress exports from labor-intensive developing countries, and are therefore very iniquitous. However, what groups like Oxfam do not say is that the protectionist policies of developing countries hurt them even more (Rogowsky & Linkins 2001, pg. 37). Such liberalization would benefit unskilled rural labor

Critical Thinking Week 5 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Critical Thinking Week 5 - Research Paper Example The downsizing was managed successfully in a way that job cuts were necessary and it was in the employee’s best interest to accept a buy out for their job. Events to handle the situation were what had to be done and managed in the best manner. The management leading up to the downsizing could have been handled better and prevented such a large loss. Challenges still remain in the auto industry in the sense that the auto industry has a lot of making up to do. Since filing bankruptcy, consumers and employees can no longer put their trust in the industry. The Force Field analysis website shows great tools that can be used to change initiative. The tool could be used in a change initiative at work for many different scenarios. The tool would be used during a strategic analysis project. A SWOT analysis could be performed and used as a tool to analyze whether or not there is more or less opposing forces for the change. The SWOT analysis will show strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. These different areas can show where there is the less resistance and the most intensity. This can be very beneficial to changing initiative in the work place and can apply to many

Do androids dream of electric sheep novel by philip k. dick PowerPoint Presentation

Do androids dream of electric sheep novel by philip k. dick - PowerPoint Presentation Example He swore to protect the andys as without doing so, he could no longer be considered a member of the Mercer. All other characters in the novel were against the androids except for Harry and John who made it possible for them to exist or live. Generally, it was in this chapter that thorough investigations were instigated to find and eliminate androids especially by Deckard who was one of the corps. In chapter nineteen of this novel John and Baty can be seen having a little misunderstanding. The misunderstanding in this case is brought about by the issue of the bounty hunter who was seen approaching their apartment. John was being told by Baty to keep the hunter from entering the apartment, did not listen and exited the apartment continuing his journey to where he always released the spiders given to him by Mercer. On reaching the point, He meets Deckard who talks to him after a flashlight has lightened up in his face. The conversation between Deckard and John in this case was all about the live creatures that were put down by John. Deckard who wanted to know the apartment from which John collected the spiders didn’t succeed as John was not willing to tell him with the reason of protecting the three andys. Actually, this chapter of the book depicts on the various conversations and actions by John, Baty and Deckard. The Androids that were being protected by John were later done away with or killed by Deckard after mimicking John Isadore’s voice that made the androids to open the door. Deckard in this book was said to have a listening gear that could help him in identifying the androids in their hidden location. Generally, this chapter depicts on how the androids were killed despite the protection that was instilled by John. This chapter depicts on the conversation between Harry, Deckard and John after the death of the androids. Harry is mentioned in this chapter telling Deckard on his action of sending a crew to help in picking or taking away the

Why organizations changes as well as why they fail to change Thesis

Why organizations changes as well as why they fail to change - Thesis Example ent 52 Secondary Research 52 Interview 55 Types of research format 59 Structured format 59 Semi-structured format: 60 Unstructured format 60 Survey 61 Likert Scale 63 Data gathering procedure 65 Quantitative data gathering 66 Qualitative data gathering 68 Secondary data gathering 68 Online Interview data gathering 69 Statistical Treatment of data 71 Ethical Concern 73 Secondary Analysis and Discussion: 75 Secondary analysis 75 Discussion: 80 Results and Analysis 94 Questionnaire Analysis: 94 Analysis of the Interviews: 119 Conclusion and Recommendations: 127 Summary of Findings: 127 Limitations 130 Recommendations for further research 132 References 133 Appendix 141 Introduction: â€Å"There has been increasing research on organizational change that seeks to explain both why organizations changes as well as why they fail to change†. Most theories and literatures have been published between 1960s and 1980s. The dual authority in matrix organization has become as a controversial application and a big argument between pros and cons around the world. The main arguments and theories of dual authority in matrix structure have appeared since 1962 and until current days. The following studies show different views and perspectives between some authors and researchers which indicate that dual authority can be a real concern in the organization structure. Therefore I have selected the main arguments and studies which most of them still exist until now.   1- The book â€Å" MATRIX MANAGEMENT SYSTEM HANDBOOK† â€Å"1984   The author â€Å"David Cleland, professor of engineering management, Pennsylvania†Ã‚   Although the book was published before more than twenty years, I have found two critical points about implementing the dual authority in matrix organizations, one of them still take place in many books and many studies but without making sure of its validity   1. Under designing matrix structure and implementing the dual design, the author bel ieves that â€Å"the more differentiated the organizational unit, the more difficult it is to achieve the required degree of integration†. He believes that matrix organization must reflect the external and internal factors before the implementation and he sees the members as critical factor in this case. The author adapts the notion of Gannon which says that the highest degree of differentiation and integration can be attained with the matrix organization design. â€Å"P.234, section III, The human factor in matrix organization, MATRIX MANAGMENT SYSTEM By David Cleland†Ã‚   The question is   Does the implementation of matrix organization on the ground have really achieved the highest degree of differentiation and integration? (This can be tested by comparing the performance of the units based on the degree of differentiation and integration)   2. â€Å"Implicit in much of the thinking behind dual leadership is the notion that satisfaction and productivity can both be obtained simultaneously. One manager, with natural inclination toward the task or goals of the group, can place more emphasis upon planning, organizing, and controlling group performance. The other manager, with a natural inclination toward people can act as the satisfier, consoler, and emphasize. One works toward increased productivity, the other toward improved morale and group cohesiveness. Both styles are needed for group effectiveness

Media on Gender Essay Example for Free

Media on Gender Essay Media is a reflection of the attitudes on gender that the society exhibits and at the same time it plays a role in â€Å"determining and teaching gender behavior†. It is the role of the media to gather information and articulate it to society; this is the media’s job (Hubpages Inc. n. p. ). If he/she sees that the society from a certain geographic location accepts gays and lesbians then this is what it will report (Hubpages Inc. n. p. ). He or she may articulate what he or she witnessed through technologies including â€Å"radio, newspaper, television, and internet† and if he or she shares such information utilizing the last three aforementioned wherein in photos and videos may be attached as well then all the more that it clearly illustrates how the society reacts about gender issues (Hubpages Inc. n. p. ). Meanwhile, it also plays a role in â€Å"determining and teaching gender behavior† because the people who get to watch what he or she articulated through several technologies will interpret it (Hubpages Inc. n. p. ). This interpretation now will depend upon how the media presented the information (Hubpages Inc. n. p. ). Was there bias on the presentation of facts? Were the two sides shown to the people? Is there a conflict of interest? All the answers to these questions will contribute largely since the society now will conclude based on that alone (Hubpages Inc. n. p. ). Very clearly, the media is a reflection of the attitudes on gender that the society exhibits and at the same time it plays a great role in â€Å"determining and teaching gender behavior† because it’s their primary job to gather and share information and because they also have weaknesses in presenting the facts they gathered (Hubpages Inc. n. p. ). Work Cited Hubpages Inc. Mass Media Influence on Society. 2008. n. a. 23 November 2008. http://hubpages. com/hub/Mass-Media-Influence-on-Society

Profit and Loss Essay Example for Free

Profit and Loss Essay Profit and loss accounts, balance sheets Profit and loss accounts, balance sheets Two of the most important financial statements for a business are the Profit and Loss Account, and the Balance Sheet. The Profit and Loss Account shows the profit or loss of a business over a given period of time e. g. 3 months, 1 year, etc. In contrast, the Balance Sheet is like a photograph taken at an instant in time giving a picture of what the business owns and what the business owes at that moment in time. As we shall see it will always balance because what the business owns is financed by what the business owes. The Profit and Loss (PL account) Net profit takes account of other sources of income and expenditure that are not involved in normal operations e. g. interest paid on loans and interest received on having a positive balance in a bank account. Turnover is the value of sales made in a trading period. It is some eferred to as sale revenue and is calculated by the average price of items sold x the number sold. Cost of sales calculates the direct costs of manufacturing items, or buying in items to sell them on. Expenses are the overhead costs of running a business. These overheads cant be tied down to particular cost units. For example, it would be very difficult to calculate what fraction of the heating cost of a pen factory can be allocated to just one pen. The Balance Sheet is a statement showing the assets, liabilities and owners capital of a business at a particular Downloaded from The 100 Edition http://www. he100. co. uk moment in time, for example the year end. The Balance Sheet balances because the assets t hat a business possesses at a specific time have been financed either through the provision of capital by the owners or by the creation of external liabilities: Value of assets = Value of Liabilities Value of Owners capital. There are a number of things that we can see from looking at a balance sheet, for example: 1. The Net Assets of the business, i. e. the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities. A growth in net assets tends to indicate a growing business. 2. How solvent the business is. In other words, does it have enough assets that are short term, and hence easily converted into cash, to pay any pressing short-term liabilities. Case Example: A typical balance sheet will be set out in the following way (note that we use two columns. The first column is for minor calculations, the second column is for grand totals): Balance Sheet of Superior Traders, as at 31st December 2004 Fixed assets consist of those items that are kept within the business to create wealth over a period of time e. . machinery, equipment, vehicles, computers, etc. Current assets are used in the short period to generate income for a business. For example, in a manufacturing company like Kraft, stocks would represent products that have already been made and are waiting to be sold onto retailers. Typically stocks will be sold on credit for periods of one month, two months, or three months. Retailers buying s tocks on credit from Kraft would become Krafts debtors. At the end of the credit period they will pay up in the form of cash, enabling Kraft to buy more raw materials to create further stocks. Creditors due within one year are the sums that a business owes money to in the short period otherwise known as current liabilities. Net current assets is a measure of how solvent or liquid a business is. Many businesses need to have working capital. Working capital is calculated by subtracting current liabilities from current assets: Working capital = Current assets Current liabilities Note that the figure for net current assets appear almost in the centre of a balance sheet, and is a figure that many people will look at first to check on the solvency of a business. Total assets current liabilities is a sum that appears in the balance sheet simply doing what the title suggests. Creditors due after more than one year shows the longer term liabilities of the bsiness. Total net assets is calculated by taking away all the liabilities (both current and long term) from all of the assets (both current and long term). Shareholders funds shows the value of the shareholders capital in the business. It will always be the same value as the total net assets and it balances the account. Downloaded from The 100 Profit and loss accounts, balance sheets Profit and loss accounts, balance sheets Two of the most important financial statements for a business are the Profit and Loss Account, and the Balance Sheet. The Profit and Loss Account shows the profit or loss of a business over a given period of time e. g. 3 months, 1 year, etc. In contrast, the Balance Sheet is like a photograph taken at an instant in time giving a picture of what the business owns and what the business owes at that moment in time. As we shall see it will always balance because what the business owns is financed by what the business owes. The Profit and Loss (PL account) One of the most important objectives of a business is to make a profit. The PL account shows the extent to which it has been successful in achieving this objective. Companies are expected to keep their PL accounts in certain formats. Typically the PL account will show the revenues received by a business and the costs involved in generating that revenue. In simple terms: Revenues Costs = Profits. A typical PL account will look like the following: Case Study: PL Account for Superior Traders as at 31/12/2004 You can find out the gross profit of a business by deducting cost of sales from turnover: ? 100,000 ? 50,000 = ? 0,000 You can find out the operating profit by deducting the expenses from the gross profit: ? 50,000 ? 30,000 = ? 20,000 You may also come across the term net profit. Operating profit is earned from carrying out a businesses normal operations e. g. producing confectionery, or selling Christmas cards. Net profit takes account of other sources of income and expenditure that are not involved in normal operations e. g. interest paid on loans and interest received on having a positive balance in a bank account. Turnover is the value of sales made in a trading period. It is sometimes referred to as sale revenue and is calculated by the average price of items sold x the number sold. Cost of sales calculates the direct costs of manufacturing items, or buying in items to sell them on. Expenses are the overhead costs of running a business. These overheads cant be tied down to particular cost units. For example, it would be very difficult to calculate what fraction of the heating cost of a pen factory can be allocated to just one pen. The Balance Sheet is a statement showing the assets, liabilities and owners capital of a business at a particular Downloaded from The Times 100 Edition oment in time, for example the year end. The Balance Sheet balances because the assets that a business possesses at a specific time have been financed either through the provision of capital by the owners or by the creation of external liabilities: Value of assets = Value of Liabilities Value of Owners capital. There are a number of things that we can see from looking a t a balance sheet, for example: 1. The Net Assets of the business, i. e. the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities. A growth in net assets tends to indicate a growing business. Creditors due within one year are the sums that a business owes money to in the short period otherwise known as current liabilities. Net current assets is a measure of how solvent or liquid a business is. Many businesses need to have working capital. Working capital is calculated by subtracting current liabilities from current assets: Working capital = Current assets Current liabilities Note that the figure for net current assets appear almost in the centre of a balance sheet, and is a figure that many people will look at first to check on the solvency of a business. Total assets current liabilities is a sum that appears in the balance sheet simply doing what the title suggests. Creditors due after more than one year shows the longer term liabilities of the bsiness. Total net assets is calculated by taking away all the liabilities (both current and long term) from all of the assets (both current and long term). Shareholders funds shows the value of the shareholders capital in the business. It will always be the same value as the total net assets and it balances the account. Downloaded from The Times 100 Edition.

Interprofessional Collaboration In Practice Social Work Essay

Interprofessional Collaboration In Practice Social Work Essay Interprofessional education (IPE) is an occasion where two or more professionals learn with, from and about each other to facilitate collaboration in practice (CAIPE, in Freeth et al 2002:11). Barr (2005) noted that the level of care given to service users was adversely affected by the prejudice and ignorance some professionals brought with them when working together. IPE seeks to address this. Carpenter (1995) writes how IPE was therefore devised to improve the breakdown in trust and communication between professions. Service users have needs that cannot be covered by one profession alone (Means, 2010) hence the need for effective collaboration. The two day conference provided an opportunity for collaboration between a range of health care professionals There were a large number of nurses on my group table and I decided to make this experience a positive one and develop my learning to benefit my future practice. It appeared as though all members of the group were confident speakers and I briefly wondered if we would allow each other the opportunity to be heard or give each other time to talk. However, we all had space to talk, were listened to and valued for our contributions. I felt this was a positive start to the group work. We discussed the stereotypes attached to our professions, there were more for social work than there were for other professions, although I heard nurses described as rough and loud. Unfortunately one of the nurses in our group acted as judged when she had an argument on the second day with another nurse, in view of all attending the conference. Sellman, cited in Pollard, et al (2000:156:171) writes People have fixed ways of behaving and act consistent with their characters. He also voices how influences from a personal, professional and structural perspective can affect whether practitioners seek to be willing, trusting or leaders in interprofessional working. The behaviour of this student allowed others to see an unprofessional side of her and may have re-inforced prejudice. Mandy et al (2004) write about how the delivery of healthcare is affected by interprofessional stereotypes, rivalry and tribalism. It was refreshing to hear of the positive experiences some of the nurses had with social workers. Some nurses thought that social workers had a rough deal; a comment from one of them was Its so unfair; you are dammed if you do and dammed if you dont, but I think you people are to be admired for all you do. It made me realise that not all professions have a negative impression of social work. Whilst working on our group sentences (See Appendix), language differences were discussed. I felt confident to challenge the word of the use patient since social workers are employed in a number of settings, therefore the use of the word patient would not always be appropriate. Dalrymple and Burke (2006) and Martin and Henderson (2001) illustrate the terms used to describe those in receipt of services will always be a source of discussion and change, but it could be argued that the terms that professionals use can have negative connotations for the person. Bruce and Borg (2002) discuss the term patient reinforcing the sick role and creating the idea that the individual needs to be taken care of. The group agreed collectively to use the term service user, however Heffernan (2005) draws us to recognise that this term can be damaging to the ethical practices of social work. Heffernan proposes that labelling individuals with this term could disseminate their sense of dependence on servic es. Upon reflection I realised that as professionals we need to be sensitive to the preferences of the individual. Communication and service user involvement were issues discussed at great length within the group. The use of jargon between professions and illegible handwriting meant it was difficult to access information relating to care and made it problematic for service users to contribute. Reeves et al (2010:65) provides a devastating example of poor communication- a patient having wrong site surgery. We discussed situations that had poor outcomes for service users and its links to ineffective communication. On reflection, the absence of effective communication and constructive relationships within the interprofessional team impacted on the ability to work collaboratively. Hirokawa cited in Royeen et al (2009:49) highlights communication is the key component to interprofessional working and Tomlinson et al (2008:108) puts communication central in order to provide a non-discriminatory service that is promoting linguistic competence. Knowledge and clarity of roles is an element key to successful interprofessional teams. Reeves et al (2010:62) considers how Clear roles help define the nature of each team members tasks, responsibilities and scope of practice. She clarifies that where each members role is seen as essential and there are clear team goals teamwork is effective. Sargent et al (2008) adds to Reeves discussion, by making professionals aware that in learning about the roles of other disciplines, you need to be aware of how they complement your own practice, in order for effective teamwork to happen. The play by the Dramatic Voices drama group Up to here, allowed an insight into the perspectives of service users, carers and professionals and the tensions and conflicts within those roles (e.g. needing a break from caring, pressures of targets) whilst highlighting the frustrations when one feels unsupported. The DVD Alison Ryans Story by Patient Voices (2010) emphasised the importance of carers and their expertise of a condition, so should be listened to and more fully involved. Cooper and Spencer (2006) explain in their article the important contribution service users can make to IPE for students at the beginning of their training. Service users provided the students with real life examples of how they had learnt through experience, enabling them to become experts, and as such stakeholders within the interprofessional team. Interprofessional working has many benefits for all involved. It can eradicate barriers between professionals, whilst highlighting the value each profession has to offer. Combining the needs, skill and expertise from all professionals means that needs are identified sooner, leading to earlier and more effective intervention. A package of care that is focussed around the individual and is more co-ordinated with a faster deliver time should result in better outcomes. Tirrito et al (1996:31) examines the benefits; The client benefits from the collective wisdom, professionals benefit from the support of colleagues and society benefits from the elimination of duplicate services. Conclusions from inquiries and current policies have summarised that interprofessional education and working are essential to good practice. The National Service Framework for Mental Health (DH, 1999), The National Service Framework for Older People (DH, 2001) and The National Service Framework for Children (DH, 2004), Partnership in Action: New Opportunities for Joint Working Between Health and Social Services (DH, 1998) and the Laming Report (2003) have insisted practitioners to encompass an interprofessional attitude to their work. Despite the guidance regarding interprofessional working, there are regrettably cases where this has not occurred resulting in preventable deaths of children. Victoria Climbies death led to Lord Lamings report (2003), identifying the failures of professionals to protect her. Irrespective of this, Baby Peter in 2007 and Khyra Ishaq in 2008, die whilst under the care of several professionals. Serious case reviews from Haringey and Birmingham (2009 and 2010 respectively) regarding their deaths emphasise inadequate communication (amongst other failures) between professionals as well as missed opportunities for intervention. The Government green paper Every Child Matters'(2004) recommended changes to policy regarding information sharing to ensure all agencies obtain a full picture of a childs life. Following from this the government has released a new guideline Working Together to Safeguard Children (2010) which provides a national framework for individuals and professions. It sets out wa ys of working together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. This includes working together with an agreed plan of action, information sharing and recording and ensuring that their work is child-centred, that the focus is always on the child. This should ensure that further tragedies are avoided at all costs. 1332 words SECTION 2 DISCUSS HOW YOU WOULD TAKE AWAY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT ABOUT IP WORKING INTO PRACTICE The interprofessional conference was an immense learning opportunity for me. The importance of service user involvement, person-centred planning and communication within interprofessional teams highlighted in the conference gave me a lot to consider for future practice. Upon reflection of the conference, I was aware that I could be working with people who have not had IPE, so considered how I could collaborate with those that are not willing to encompass interprofessional working. This led me to contemplate previous experience, my previous placement experience, my next practice placement and where IPW fit into this. Every Child Matters (2004) require that all practitioners will be involved in information sharing that welcomes all views as equally valid; however I witnessed a situation that had the opposite effect. In my previous experience as a nursery nurse, I had raised concerns following a disclosure from a child. To summarise, the social worker dismissed my opinion, saying that I was unqualified to make any comment as I was just a nursery nurse. The reality that I had a lot of contact with this child was disregarded. Nurse (2007) discusses the difficulties in interprofessional working where one professional believes that only they have the expertise and knowledge to make a judgement regarding concerns. In the future as a SW in an interprofessional team I may be outnumbered by other professions, but I will present confidence in my profession and my role in order to be heard and will respect the view of other professionals regardless of job title or qualification. My previous practice placement allowed me to see an interprofessional team in action. I was able to observe a team meeting for a mental health team. There were professionals represented from health and social care backgrounds. All professionals were given time to address any concerns they had regarding a service user and were able to seek/offer advice from others. Medical and social perspectives were taken into account, allowing all professionals to work from their own theoretical base but working in partnership to provide continuity of care. Martin et al (2001) recognise how the sharing of background and experience while identifying peoples roles within the multidisciplinary team allows the members perspectives to be explored. This becomes a source of strength, with this integrated practice having benefits for service users and patients. I was grateful of the opportunity to witness the outcomes of effective interprofessional working. I am hoping for my next placement to be in a hospital setting. In order for my experience of IPE to be extended I will attempt to devise an action plan to maximise my learning opportunities and experience of interprofessional working. I would ask about the opportunities where professions interact and ask to be an observer to this (e.g. discharge planning meeting). I would ask for the opportunity to meet other students from other professions at the placement in order to share our learning experiences, professional policies and procedures in order to recognise similarities. I would arrange time shadowing other professions, in order to get a fuller picture of their role. I would also request time with my placement supervisor in order to reflect on IPW and its challenges, difficulties and benefits. This practice could promote relationship building for the future, as well as accentuating how other professionals can support my role as a social worker. It would allow me to identify and develop appropriate skills in my practice. Hostility between professions could be reduced and collaboration and team dynamics could be increased and improved as those who are not familiar to IPE can see it demonstrated in their students. The importance of service user involvement was highlighted in the conference. The Children Act 1989, National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990, and the Community Care (Direct Payments) Act 1996 were among the first pieces of legislation related to service user involvement. Policy guidance, practice guidance and service standards have developed from this. For example, the GSCC (2002) and Skills for Care (2002) provide guidance for social workers related to service user involvement. I had witnessed examples of poor practice in the past where the service user had no decision regarding their care (e.g. a woman who speaks Bengali having her treatment discussed about her with no translator sought to explain it to her). Service users now have more power to challenge decisions and refuse care should they wish, as they are now experts by virtue of their experience (Tanner et al (2008:6). Lishman (2007:270) reminds practitioners that holding meetings with individual service users, case conferences, advisory committees (to name a few examples) are power sharing structures in relation to decisions but the level of active listening by social workers and other professionals ensure the service users voice is heard and valuable to the decision making process. Wallace and Cooper (2009) highlight the importance of putting the service user at the centre and the organisations of services with and around them in order to break down the barriers of the organisation we work in. I recall on my previous placement a situation that provides an example of person-centred care. I was at a day centre of adults with dementia and was a observing a group of gentleman playing dominoes. Upon recognising a gentleman observing not playing, I discovered he couldnt remember how to play. Through joint reminiscing of our elders playing dominoes and allowing the gentleman to recall himself playing when he was in Jamaica, triggered his memory so he was able to play again. Brooker cited in Innes et al (2006:6) signpost four elements essential to providing person centred care, one of which is a positive social environment to enable the person with dementia to experience relative well-being. Providing culturally appropriate conversation, as well as time for this gentleman to reminisce allowed him to remember a part of his cultural identity that was of importance to him and through remembering how to play dominoes, was able to socially interact with other members of the centre. The role of a SW is very much dependant on the setting- assessment, crisis intervention, patient wellbeing and advocacy are just a few of the myriad of roles I could undertake. Holoskom et al (1992) demonstrate the multiple roles a SW could be part of in health care settings. It highlighted the lack of clearly defined role competences specific to social work. Wilson et al (2008) suggest à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦social workers are less able to define what their specific contribution to an inter-professional team might be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ .It could be argued however that SW are essential to how care is delivered. As a SW I could be helping patients problem solve and cope with situation or illness, link individuals with resources and services and promote effective and humanitarian service systems. Carlton, cited in Holoskom et al (1992: 8) stress the significance of the social workers as being the only professional who has the central foundation that a holistic perspective of the service user is o f utmost importance I have realised that it is important for me to enhance knowledge of medical issues so that I can be knowledgeable when talking to patients and can participate fully in interprofessional teams. The team will also gain knowledge about my role as a social worker with views, values and perspectives being shared in order for my presence to be visual and effective to the delivery and structure of health care. I left the conference with a positive attitude to interprofessional working. As one of the next generation of health and social care workers I will ensure that what I have learnt will be used in practice to ensure interprofessional working is at the heart of patient centred care. I would like to end with a quote that I feel expresses the process of interprofessional working: Coming together is a beginning; keeping together is progress; working together is success (Henry Ford 1863-1947) 1310 words Appendix -Agreed Group Sentences Communication Issues between Health and Social Care Professionals Effective communication between the multi-disciplinary team including the service user and their family is paramount to client centred care. All communication should be clear and concise without the use of jargon or abbreviation to facilitate collaborative working. Contrasting professional perspectives / values within teams By considering the perspectives of the service users and other professionals, practitioners are able to broaden their understanding in order to improve delivery of care. There are contrasting perspectives and values between professionals but it is our responsibility and duty of care to compromise for the service users best interest. Stereotyping, power imbalances and team processes Although there may be perceived hierarchys within health and social care professionals, everybodys different skills, knowledge and input is variable to the needs of the service user at that particular time and therefore should not be translated into power imbalances and conflicts with the Interprofessional team.   It is human nature to form stereotypes of others but we must not  allow this to impact the care we provide to service users.

Blood Doping :: essays research papers

Running the Race to Obtain the Prize?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each year athlete’s ability to perform seems to increase by leaps and bounds. Some reasons for this can be attributed to better training methods, better conditioning techniques, and better over all health of the athlete. While most situations involve one or more of the previously scenarios, some athletes always seem to take it to a step further. They engage in a process called blood doping. This procedure does increase physical performance and athletic ability, but potentially may do more harm than good. For purpose of emphasis and understanding, some background information is needed to fully understand exactly what blood doping can do for an individual. In order for muscles to perform, they need a ready supply of oxygen. During high intensity exercise, oxygen is depleted and the body can not get enough oxygen to the muscle in order for them to perform their optimal potential. This lack of ability to get oxygen to the muscle is called oxygen debt and results in lactic acid being formed. Lactic acid is a waste product of anaerobic cellular respiration within the muscle tissue, which can cause muscle sourness that, usually, is felt after a hard or long workout. Fatigue usually sets in with the onset of lactic acid production. Oxygen is carried to the muscle by two delivery systems. Three percent of oxygen is carried in plasma and ninety-seven percent is in hemoglobin, the principal protein in erythrocytes (red blood cells). If hemoglobin amounts are increased, this will lead to increas ed oxygen levels that can be transported to the muscles. Allowing the muscles to become more fatigue resistant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Blood doping could have opposite effect of those intended. A large infusion of red blood cells could increase blood thickness and cause a decrease in cardiac output and a reduction in oxygen content. Both would reduce aerobic capacity. The human heart was not designed to pump thickened blood throughout the body and, therefore, it could lead to a multitude of problems. The diseases that can be contracted from autologous blood transfusion are severe. Even more frightening is the list of diseases that can be contracted through homologous blood transfusion. It includes hepatitis, AIDS, malaria, and CMV. In addition, shock is a factor to be aware of.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All blood doping procedures used in attempt to improve athletic performance is unethical and unfair. Taking a risk like blood doping to win a race is sad.

Urban Parks Essay -- New Urban Landscape

Like most Americans, I expect to find in every city, every town, even in every village in the country, an outdoor recreation area or what is usually called a park; and I am seldom disappointed. No matter how new and unfinished a town may be, or however old and poor, I know that it will contain, wedged in among the crowded blocks of buildings, a rectangular space with grass and trees and meandering paths and perhaps a bandstand or a flagpole. --John B. Jackson, â€Å"The Past and Future Park† in Denatured Visions    Urban parks are defined in their comparative and contrastive relationships to the urban environments surrounding them. Although frequently conceptualized as natural landscapes, the physical and social uses of parks give proof to their inherently cultural â€Å"nature.† For the purpose of this paper, I will use the term â€Å"culture† to refer to human implemented social objects and actions; nature, then, as a written word and a concept circulated in culture, becomes a cultural construction. The idea of â€Å"nature† or â€Å"natural,† I will attempt to argue, refers to a certain set of cultural concepts as constructed through a discourse that is centered away from humans and characterized by irrationality, purity, and vitality. Differently stated, nature functions as a cultural construct of anti-culture, providing an escape from the confines of culture in the sense of civilization, but does not entirely evade the conceptual framework inherent to the social, discursive formation of human ideas. This intermingling relationship between nature and culture is well illustrated in the example of urban parks. Parks are constructed as natural environments but literally and figuratively constructed by human cultural proc... ...el, B. and Cecil D. Elliott. Designing America: Creating Urban Identity. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1994. Groth, Paul. â€Å"Vernacular Parks.† Wrede and Adams 135-137. Jackson, John B. â€Å"The Past and Future Park.† Wrede and Adams 129-134 Peck, Robert McCraken. â€Å"The Museum that Never Was.† Natural History July 1994: 62-7. Platt, Rutherford H. â€Å"Conclusion† in The Ecological City, Rutherford H. Platt, Rowan A. Rowntree and Pamela C. Muick, eds. Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1994. Schultz, Stanley K. Constructing Urban Culture. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989. Schuyler, David. The New Urban Landscape. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Wrede, Stuart and William Howard Adams, eds. Denatured Visions: Landscape and Culture in the Twentieth Century. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1991.

Power Shifts In Intergovernmental Relations: A Result Of Fiscal Feder

Power Shifts in Intergovernmental Relations: A Result of Fiscal Federalism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fiscal federalism is the result of the states' dependence on the national government for funds. Until 1913, the national government had minimal monetary resources, thus possessing little control over the affairs of the states. Once effected, the Sixteenth Amendment resulted in the amassing of government funds on the national level. This reserve of money enabled the national government to initiate a multitude of national programs--such as the interstate highway--as well as provide grants to the states. It is primarily through these grants that the national government can exert influence over state affairs; for, by designating restrictions in the distribution of these grants, the national government can compel states and localities to make or alter policies and legislation in accordance with its agenda. The manner in which the national government has wielded the influence of money throughout the history of the nation has continually altered intergovernmental relations. Since the Depression, fiscal federalism has caused the national government to dominate the states; recently, however, reforms have begun to return power to the states.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Policies and precedents of the New Deal centralized power in the national government. To remedy the devastation of the Great Depression, it assumed a more direct and prevalent role in the lives of the people. Con...

Comparing Disneys(r) Beauty & the Beast and Mulan

In my opinion, the role of Disney has remained unchanged for over a period of 30 years. Their main values still remain the same: good triumphs over evil and everyone lives happily ever after. Beauty & the Beast, a classic, and Mulan, a contemporary, both share these values as well. I will now compare the 2 animated feature films. Both the films have the same narrative structure. They follow the Todorovs' theorem: Equilibrium –> Disruption –>Journey –> Test –> New Equilibrium. * They both start off with an establishing shot of the heroines and introduces them through a musical score. In B & B (Beauty & the Beast), we see the establishing shot of Belles' house + town and the camera zooms in to Belle. In Mulan, we see something similar. We see Mulan introduced by an establishing shot and then the camera zooms in on her. She then introduces herself and her life/aspirations through a musical score. In Mulan, we also see that Mulan is introduced through the same way. However, we don't directly start off with a song describing her but later on we do hear a song brewed after her visit to the matchmaker. * Both the heroines are very bright, intelligent and brave. They are also unconventional and don't conform to societies' view of a woman. In B & B, we see Belle, during the opening song/introduction, reading a book and then makes her way to the library. Through her conversation with the librarian we learn that she's really keen on reading and this is the only way she gets in touch with the person that she wants to be. So the librarian gives her this book as a present. â€Å"It's my favorite! Far-off places, daring sword fights, magic spells, a prince in disguise †¦ Oh, thank you very much!† Also, during the introduction song, we hear the villagers' views' on Belle and her lifestyle. We hear the fat woman saying about how beautiful Belle is and that she's very bright also. But she's wasting her life on books and she should get married rather. We then see 3 village girls pumping water out of a water-pump. As we can see, they all look the same; they all have blonde hair and blue eyes. Typical. This is purposely set to show Belle in contrast to the â€Å"normal† girls, hence, proving my point. In Mulan, we see her running through a list of characteristics. Her father is also praying to his ancestors to help her find a husband and bring honour to the house. This establishes her uniqueness from the other girls as well. Later on when she goes to the matchmaker, she hides the characteristics in order so that the matchmaker wouldn't see it. This also shows that she doesn't conform with the women of her time and is more manlike. Later on in the film, we see where the Huns are charging at Shang Li and his band of soldiers, which includes Mulan. We see a pan-shot of the Huns charging down the mountain. Shang Li and his men have only one rocket. We see him, Shang Li, then trying to fire the rocket into the Hun army whilst saying, â€Å"we'll take out as many as we can†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This is a typical Chinese soldier. Mulan snatches the rocket away and runs away from the men. She then fires the rocket at the peak of another mountain, which is to the right of the unsuspecting, charging Huns. This causes and avalanche and buries the Huns under a thick blanket of snow. However, the leader of the Huns reaches Mulan and slashes her with his sword before also being buried in the snow. This scene shows that she's brave and also intelligent. She uses her brain to cause the Huns more damage then Shang Li would, with his version of â€Å"fight till death†. * Both the heroines are prepared to sacrifice their lives for their father and, indeed, do. In B & B, when Belle's father is locked up in the beasts' castle, she goes out venturing to find him. She tells the horse to revisit its' footsteps and take her to the place where her father is. In due time, she enters the dark, scary castle. She finds her way to the dungeon, in a great co-incidence, she finds her father locked in. Also, at that moment, the beast reveals himself. (This also proves my previous point that she's brave because she didn't run away or sth like that†¦). Anyway, she interacts with the beast and asks him why did he imprison her father and to let him go cause he's sick. The beast refuses and tells her that he's his prisoner and will do as he pleases. She then offers him herself in lieu of her fathers' freedom and safe return back home. The beast accepts. The same is the case in Mulan. She sacrifices herself when the emperor's messenger declares that a man from each house should join the army to defend against the Huns. * All of the males in both films are portrayed in a negative image. In B & B, we see Gaston in the beginning musical score/introduction, introduced as arrogant and self-centered. We first see him as he shoots down a goose, which was regarded to be very manly in those days, and start to song about him and Belle. He says that she's the only one fit to marry for him as she is the only parallel to his beauty and that she's very lucky that he's selected her. He's a stereotypical hero; massive build, handsome, arrogant and fancied by all the girls in town. He's a parody of the heroes out there. But further on in the film, when Belle refuses to marry him, he vows to make her marry him through any means. This â€Å"evil† statement is also supported through the music. Also, after Belle shows the mirror to the townspeople to prove that her father is telling the truth, he uses his preplanned scheme to try and force Belle for the last time to marry him or he'll make the hospital take his father away to the mental institute. In Mulan, we see Shang Li portrayed as a hero as well; brave and fearless, a good leader, wise and captain of his military squad. But, he isn't as bright as Mulan is, as I have explained above in my 2nd point. Also, we see the other 3 men that Mulan hangs around with. They're dirty, sweaty and ill mannered. * Both the heroines find the â€Å"their man† in the end of the film, the best man. In B& B, we see Belle in the end with the former â€Å"beast† who has now turned back into the prince he was with all his wealth and splendor. She gets him rather than the Gaston, who is also handsome and praised by everyone in the village. In Mulan, at the end of the film we see Shang Li approach Mulan's father, supposedly, to ask her hand because we hear the emperor commenting to him about the â€Å"once in a lifetime† opportunity he has at hand, which chiefly means ‘marry her'. Also, they live happily ever after. In B & B, we see the Belle and the prince dancing in a ballroom, smiling and kissing. Also, the close-ups underline this. Mrs. Pots sings a romantic song, which also reflects the atmosphere. In Mulan, Mulan is reunited with her family and all is forgiven. Shang Li also comes into the scene, to marry her supposedly. Then the camera zooms out and reveals the picturesque scenery implying the happy atmosphere also. Similar beginnings and endings. Both Mulan and B & B start off with a similar equilibrium, then along comes a disruption and causes a change in their lives, because they go on a journey of self-discovery. Ends in ‘happily ever after' mode. (REF: Todorov's Theorem)

Environmental Impacts Of The Desalination Process Environmental Sciences Essay

More and more(prenominal) splendour is being given to desalination of brine as water supply resources atomic number 18 chop-chop being used up. Apart from the fact that it solves water system deficit in any(prenominal) parts, desalination is in any case associated with environmental ranges. For case, it has been deemed credideucerthy for change of the ocean ecosystem in link countries. on that point are presently a batch of active desalinisation whole kit and boodles well-nigh the universe. Five journal articles go away be used as beginnings for environmental jars of desalinisation. The effectuate of the by-product justifyd from desalinization whole caboodles which regard aquatic life in versatile portion of the universe will be discussed. Furthermore, feasible emanation of nursery sploshes by desalinization full treatments will besides be investigated. Each primary article will be evaluated on a scaling system of 1* to 10* where 1* agencies that the a rticle had sm all told relevancy to the explore rubric, and 10* demoing entire relevancy.Elevated crystallize of brine as byproduct repayable to increase summarize of flavorwater desalinization could perchance impact ecosystems. In this visual modality, the enquiry work aters investigated the answer of brine and at that placeof the impact of desalinization on a meadow of the seagrass Posidoia naval which has been clear to brine debark for a tog oversight of more than 6 senior ages. A comparative field survey was conducted whereby environmental factors ( common brininess, sum of dissolved foods, dissolved in fundamental C and pH ) , meadow features ( screen and scare away constriction ) and kit and caboodle traits ( morphometrics, N and P content in the tissues ) were posterd in an undisturbed untaught of shal minor P. oceanicic hayfield and in an country of the hayfield having the table saltwater overleap. The water supply samples put in at the issue site had a amply salt and high sums of dissolved inorganic C as compared to the undisturbed country or the mention site. The screen and saddle denseness of the hayfield were determined to be approximately the same at two sites. The seawater throw away caused of importee alterations in the whole works traits such as increased N content in the works tissues, modester glutamine synthetase activity, note content of non-structural saccharides and besides de strandment of the works wellness as compared to the workss in the mention site. The research workers hence concluded that P. Oceania is cutting to the high salt and eutrophication caused by seawater loss.Keywords discharge, environmental factors, glutamine systhetase, salt, eutrophicationGacia, E, Invers, O, Manzanera, M, Ballesteros, E & A Romero, J 2007. ImpactA of theA brineA fromA a desalinization plantA onA a shallow seagrassA ( Posidonia oceanica ) meadow.A Estuarine, Coastal and ledge Science 72 579-590.Rating iiiiiiii pack emanations from desalinization workss a parametric predisposition analysis for image appraisalDespite being unrivalled of the chief techniques used in parade satisfy the high demands of drinkable H2O, desalinization is besides associated with environmental impacts such as teleph unmatchable circuit pollution. The purpose of this survey was to card the fashion emanations from desalinization workss utilizing a simulating metaphysical look. The Industrial Source heterogeneous-3 theoretical cover was used to carry on piece of cake scattering simulations in commit to measuring rod the impact of sulfur dioxide stack emanations from a combined H2O distillment and actor coevals works on air quality. SO2 concentrations at antecedently defined kettle of fish of receptors were mensural below different sheaths of meteorologic estate of affairs such as air flows velocity and humidness. A parametric esthesia analysis was conducted to measure the consequence of the input parametric quantities on the hammer consequences for near-field and far-field receptors. Different scenarios produced different sum of SO2 save and from the fake consequences, it was determined that the most of import parametric quantity impacting SO2 concentrations at the receptors hold wind velocity, stack tallness, temperature and speed. The parametric esthesia analysis showed that stable atmospherical conditions and low air current caused the worst motion-picture show story of SO2. The SO2 concentrations recorded both at near-field and far-field receptors exceeded the wellness criterion developed by the World Health Organisation under most scenarios.Keywords drinkable H2O, scattering, sulfur dioxide, distillment, receptors, atmosphericI. Alameddine, ME 2005. Stack emanations from desalinization workss a parametric sensitiveness analysis for exposure appraisal. desalinisation 177 15-29.Rating iiiiiiDesalination design s feed watercourses Consequence of pH an d salt on metamorphosis of maritime microbial assemblagesMore and more go to is being given presents to the possible negative impacts of the desalinization engineering on the environment. This survey examines the consequence of salt and pH on the bacterial merchandise rate of devil dog microbic gatherings at 600m below sea get up degree and at one and only(a) ambiance. Water samples were collected at troika different locations, Delaware true laurel, Atlantic Ocean and pacific Ocean and a refractometer was used to catch proscribed the salt while a pH metre was used to catch the pH of the H2O. Bacterial production rate was metric utilizing the leucine incorporation method. Pressurisation and depressurisation experiments were set up in order to imitate the set up of a hydrate-based desalinization on the microbic gathering in come inflowing waste watercourse. For samples from the Delaware Bay, as salt increased from 29.5 to 60 PSU, there was a 57 % decrease in heterotr ophic bacterial production. A astragal of pH from 8.00 to 4.88 caused a 96 % lessening in bacterial production. Similar consequences were obtained for the Atlantic Ocean H2O samples. Pacific Ocean H2O samples that were pressurised showed a lessening of 40 % in bacterial production aft(prenominal) 1hr decompression while replicate samples showed a 43 % summation in bacterial production with addition in salt after 24 hr decompression. The addition in bacterial production could to be due to companionship version. Heterotrophic bacterial production rate therefore decreases with increase salt and diminishing pH.Keywords refractometer, pressurisation, depressurisation, wastewater, decompression, heterotrophicMontgomery, MT, Boyd, TJ, Osburn, CL, Plummer, RE, Masutani, SM & A Coffin, RB 2009. Desalination engineering waste watercourses Consequence of pH and salt on metamorphosis of marine microbic gatherings. Desalination 249 861-864.Rating iiiiiiiChlorophyll and plankton of the disj uncture coastal Waterss of Saudi-Arabian Arabia surrounding a desalinization worksPhyto- and Zooplankton both bunco an of import function in the marine ecosystem as primary and secondary manufacturers some(prenominal)ly. The current survey was carried out to look into the blood between fluctuation in chlorophyll and plankton production due to a desalinization works execution near Al-Jubail in the coastal Waterss of Saudi Arabia. Areas concerned by the survey were the consumption and discharge zones at the works. Surface and bottom H2O samples were obtained to insure the chlorophyll pigments and H2O quality factors. analytic thinking of chlorophyll pigments a, B and degree Celsius was do utilizing the spectrophotometric method while Plankton samples were taken utilizing a Nansen plankton cyberspace and examined utilizing by standard processs. The research was done on based a seasonal, yearly, and inter-annual survey. The biological status of the entry and reverse sites staye d for the most portion rich and stable. The figures on chlorophyll pigments revealed that the lasting harvest of phytoplankton remained big during most of the seasons. Research workers concluded that bionomic factors such as temperature and conductivity did non move as confining factor for suppuration of phytoplankton. They besides concluded that the discharge from the works did non encroach upon the general species fundamental law.Keywords ecosystem, discharge zone, pigments, spectrophotometricAbdul Azis, PK, Al-Tisan, IA, Daili, MA, Green, TN, Dalvi, AGI & A Javeed, MA 2003. Chlorophyll and plankton of the disconnection coastal Waterss of Saudi Arabia surrounding a desalinization works. Desalination 154 291-302.Rating iiiiiii foregoing consequences of the observe of the seawater discharge produced by the SWRO desalinization works of Alicante ( SE Spain )Desalination of saltwater by contrary osmosis has become a wide used method but the environmental impacts caused by seawat er as the byproduct can non be disregarded. The purpose of this article is to supervise the seawater discharge from the Alicante saltwater desalinization works and find its spatial and seasonal distribution. Furthermore, the possible impact of the discharge on hayfields of Posidonia Oceania and communities of echinoderm will be quantified. saltiness was measured at more than degree centigrade sampling Stationss at the seawater discharge site. The geoeas plan was used in order to obtain the graphical spacial mold of the salt informations. New and dead shoots of the P. Oceanic, all bit good as denseness of echinoderms were estimated at trine different Stationss, one being in forepart of the discharge site of the desalinization works and the two others being controls. Highest salt was found to be at the thermocline degree. Dilution at the discharge topographical point was found to be steadfast but a higher stableness was obtained far from the discharge. Additions of salt were ob served far off from the discharge topographic point. There was an absence of echinoderms in forepart of the desalinization works but a tactful sum at a Yankee vicinity where the seawater degree is low. repress of new shoots of P. Oceania was determined to be higher than sum of dead shoots but with deteriorated works wellness in the hayfields found in forepart of the desalinization works. Absence of echinoderms acted as an index of the effects of brine discharge of the works on marine communities. Therefore, the consequences obtained suggested that the dilution of the seawater discharged could be lower than the accepted degree which may impact maritime ecosystems.Keywords echinoderm, thermocline degree, Posidonia Oceanic, Marine ecosystemsFernandez-Torquemada, Y, Sanchez-Lizaso, JL & A Gonzalez-Correa, JM 2005. Preliminary consequences of the monitoring of the seawater discharge produced by the SWRO desalinization works of the Alicante ( SE Spain ) . Desalination 182 395-402.Ra ting iiiiiiImpact of the seawater from a desalinization works on a shallow seagrass ( Posidonia oceanica ) hayfield generalizationAlthough saltwater desalinization has increased signii?cantly over recent decennaries, small attending has been nonrecreational to the impact of the chief byproduct ( hypersaline H2O seawater ) on ecosystems. In the Mediterranean, potentially the most touch on ecosystems are hayfields of the autochthonal seagrass Posidonia Oceania. We studied the consequence of seawater on a shallow P. Oceania hayfield exposed to change by reversal osmosis seawater discharge for more than 6 old ages. P. oceanica proved to be truly sensitive to both eutrophication and high salts derived from the seawater discharge. moved(p) workss showed high air plant consignment and N content in the foliages, high frequences of mortification Markss, low entire non-structural saccharides and low glutamine synthetase activity, compared to command workss. However, there was no meter reading of extended diminution of the affected hayfield. This is apt(predicate) due to its really shallow state of affairs, which consequences in high incident radiation sickness every bit good as fast dilution and scattering of the seawater plume.Stack emanations from desalinization workss a parametric sensitiveness analysis for exposure appraisal generalityThe desalinization market has been continuously act to augment conventional H2O resources in waterless and semi-arid parts that are prattle population growing, betterments in life-style, increased scotch activity and increased taint of bing H2O supplies. The debut of desalinization workss is necessarily associated with several possible environmental impacts including possible air pollution. The present survey focuses on measure uping air emanations ensuing from desalinization workss and their possible impacts utilizing a instance survey advance for an bing combined power coevals and H2O distillment works. The Industrial So urce Complex ( ISC ) air scattering theoretical account was adopted to measure sulfur dioxide concentrations at sensitive receptors under worst instance meteoric conditions and full burden operation for both workss. A parametric sensitiveness analysis showed that receptors are exposed to concentrations transcending international criterions under most scenarios asking moderation steps which were defined.Desalination engineering waste watercourses Consequence of pH and salt on metamorphosis of marine microbic gatherings synopsisEfiuents from desalinization engineerings may iniuence natural bacterial gatherings due to alterations in salt, pH, dissolved organic C concentration ( doctor ) , DOC quality and cellular hydrostatic big businessman per unit celestial orbit. Salinity, pH, and force per unit area alteration effects on heterotrophic bacterial production ( as measured by leucine incorporation ) were examined in experiments with surface H2O from the Delaware Bay, Atlantic Ocea n and Pacii?c Ocean. Bacterial production decreased by 57-67 % when salt of Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay surface H2O samples were increased from ambient to 60 PSU. change magnitude ambient saltwater pH from 8.0 to below 5.0 with CO2 gas reduced production by 96-100 % . Decreasing saltwater pH by 1.5units at 33 PSU caused tantamount suppression to increase salt by 27 PSU ( pH 8.0 ) . Bacterial production in Pacii?c Ocean surface H2O pressurized for 72 H was decreased 40 % by increasing salt, when measured 1h after decompression. However, production increased 43 % with increasing salt when measured 24 H after decompression. One account for these divergent effects between the 1- and 24-h sampling at ambient pH may be community version. Strains amongst the natural gathering that survived the pressurization by saturating their membrane phospholipids would probably be better capable to vie for available foods under eminent salt.Chlorophyll and plankton of the Gulf coastal Waterss o f Saudi Arabia surrounding a desalinization works precisAs on land, workss are the existent manufacturers in the sea, and on them depend all marine living resources and the elemental sustainability of ecosystems. Primary production is performed by chlorophyll-bearing workss straddleing automobile horn the bantam phytoplankton to the elephantine kelps through the effect ofphotosynthesis. Zooplankton play an of import function as secondary manufacturers, and together with phytoplankton they support the vast gatherings of marine nutrient concatenation with all their diverseness and complexness. Data on chlorophyll pigments, phytoplankton and zooplankton are regarded as a threatening footing for environmental assessment of ecosystems. This composition presents a set of informations collected Ii-om the Saudi Arabian coastal Waterss near the desalinization workss in AI-Jubail. Materials were collected from six different sites covering the consumption and discharge zones during sails carried out in 1997-1998. Analysiss of chlorophyll pigments were made utilizing the spectrophotometric method. Plankton samples were collected utilizing a Nansen plankton cyberspace with a participation size of 75 P and analyze following criterion processs. Chlorophyll a, B, degree Celsius andphaeophytin are the most commonly hazard pigments in saltwater. Their concentrations showed broad fluctuation. The phytoplankton community was calm of 35 genera stand foring the Diatoms, Dinoflagellates and blue- green algae. Zooplankton were imperturbable ofprotozoa, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Aschehninthes, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata and Chordata. Arthropoda, represented by Cladocera, subclass Copepoda and Crustacean larvae, formed the largest group followed by Chordata. The distribution of phyto- and zooplankton was examined and discussed on a seasonal, one-year and inter-annual footing. In footings of species, overall species composing was non affected by works discharg e. The survey brings out a greater apprehension of the alterations experience by biotic communities as a consequence of encroachment, entrainment and entrapment consequent to H2O transformation through the works structures. The survey reflects the ecological relationships that the phytoplankton and the zooplankton of the part possess Cith regard to economic consumption and dispatch. Further, the survey has brought to illume a really redemptive characteristic of the ecosystem to prolong its productiveness and planktonic copiousness. It was observed that saltwater temperature, conduction and entire suspended solids did non move as confining factors. Besides throwing much evident radiation on the small cognize biological facets of desalinization sites, the informations provided constitute a important add-on to the cognition base of Marine life resources in an industrial zone of Gulf coastal Waterss.Preliminary consequences of the monitoring of the seawater discharge produced by t he SWRO desalinization works of Alicante ( SE Spain )AbstractionDatas from monitoring of the scattering and effects of the hypersaline wastewaters originated by desalinization workss are really scarce. The bring of this paper is to show the monitoring, on clip and infinite, of the seawater discharge originated by the Alicante saltwater desalinization works ( SE Spain ) . Since the saltwater contrary osmosis ( SWRO ) desalinization works started to run in September 2003, to the day of the month, three runs were made in order to find the seasonal and spacial distribution of the seawater plume and its dilution along the country. One twelvemonth after the works operation, the consequences obtained at these runs have shown that dilution of the seawater may be lower than the normally accepted and it may impact important extensions of marine communities. Due to the recent development of the desalinization activity in our state the information obtained in this work can be considered truly utilitarian for its application to future similar undertakings in the Mediterranean Sea.

Functional requirement Essay

1. Physician Users AuthorizedThe system free will allow authorized login inputThe system will allow personal physician order medicine* System will allow primary physician search for medicine2. SearchThe system navigates to correct patient.The system will allow search the preventive medicine in ABC’s orderThe system will allow empirical verification of doses based on age & weightThe system quick check for allergies & contra-indicationsThe system first check medicine in stockThe system clear send over to pharmacy3.Only 1 first requirement can be ensured.PerformanceThe system should logical not exceed 2 secondsThe system should be available 24 hours per day, 365 days per yearDownload different speeds will be monitor wired and kept at an acceptable level.3. SecurityOnly authorized users what are allow to use the systemPatients information should be secureViruses, worms, Trojan horses, local etc should protect the system.The system should automatically exit when there is inacti vity4.Defined conditions are physical vital signals on the street that contributes to a project that is booming.

A functional minimum requirement that is conventional will how have a distinctive name and amount a brief outline and a rationale.Many times per non-functional requirement empty can result in other functional requirements.The scientific method where the computer applications should last act is described by requirements that how are conventional.Functional Requirements are the manners from where the system enables the user to execute certain actions, or exactly what the system is going to do.

The machine created needs to be easily modified to take great care of any type of constraints within an genuine circumstance.The political machine needs to be such simple to recall for the user.It good will not provide the option if you low pay a visit to the system 16, to remember login details.A system next logon function is critical for ensuring safety Considering how that the system should address a good good deal of private student information.

It make a solution for any big important issue and should be robust.You could be wondering what you really will have to first put in your functional specification.Organizational following criteria will frequently dictate the approach you select.Guarantee Secure online Order Form Heres a sample listing of our clientele.