The Role of Jobs In Theatre Essay Example for Free

The Role of Jobs In Theatre Essay The Role and Jobs of the Producer, Director, Designer, Play-writer, and Actors within the play and how each of their Roles interacts with Each Other A theatre stage drama is very interesting complex task that has been admired for years by the viewers. The success of a theatre depends on how many quality stage plays it can produce. Its success depends on the collaborative actions of all the staff members. Each staff member has his own responsibility.   Producer   Producer has several tasks to cover in a playwright. He is concerned with a clearer production on theatre or stage. He analyzes the play, edit and write to make the play much better. Producer is the person who takes the initiative in any play and he’s the first place where play has to be started.   The producer determines where play has to set. That is what would be the right location for a play where all the rehearsals can take place. It is all in the hands of the producer to find a good director of the play. He’s responsible for the location of performances. He determines how many and which play has to be performed. In addition there are several other correlated tasks like marketing and advertising activities and all remaining activities associated with the complete production of a play. He’s also responsible for contacting various people and concerned companies, departments, schools for obtaining permission for the production of a play at particular place.   Producer is also responsible for finding the cameramen, cinematography, music and picture settings.   Producer also manages the workshops to enhance role of each and every individual and to train the staff for their relevant tasks. Producers have choice to either work part-time or full time. Some producers only work part time and have several other jobs to complete. Some producers also work as volunteers by choice. They are separately on the kind of job they’ve done and time they invest. The main focus that makes a theatre play successful is their interaction, cooperation and responsible act. It does not matter that whether they’re working on part-time basis or full, voluteering their job or not but the main thing is that how responsibly they interact. Producers stand responsible for the overall production of the play. Producers can act individually or they may work in groups. Raising the finances Producers are responsible for raising the finances for the theatre. They set prices and plans for how money can be raised for one play. He’s also responsible for setting the pay of other staff members. He calculates the costs and profits. Usually producing a theatre play entails high cost. A lot of funds investiment is required to have the play completed. Script selection Producer determines that which script he needs for a particular play. Producer is always in direct contact with the writers and ask them about what needs to be done for a particular play. Because requirements for each play is totally different. And the story and plot of the play must be compelling enough to let the viewers enjoy it. Plot of the play and overall story has lot to do with the success of a drama. Hence, producer works in close collaboration with writers about a particular play. Place of performance Producer is mainly responsible for setting the place where play will be carried out. Place has to determine a lot about the play. The writer also needs to write according to the place and background.   Role of Director in Theatre   Directors direct the play. Directors set the play setting and command for action. He directs the production. He interprets the vision of a writer into actual form. Direction has a lot of impact on the success of a script or play. Director works with all other cast and crew of the play.   A director has a very principal role in directing a play. He works on various tasks along with producer to ensure a unique and clear production. Without director the production of a theatre play will never be completed. He works with all other important staff members to direct the play. The key persons involved with directors are producers, writer and designer. He co-ordinates many principle activities like coordinating acting, background settings, sound settings, stage settings, costume design, setting of lights, stagecraft and help with production. â€Å"In the early 1890s dimmers were being used, an invention of Granville Woods. It can be seen that electric lights, or instruments, had to be positioned and focused on actors, and so the first lighting operators also had to direct the actors where to move, and thus may well have unwittingly created the position of an outside director. It was in the early part of the new century that they gained widespread popularity. Prior to that, the leading actor or actress would dictate the shape of stage arrangements, usually for their own benefit. The eighteenth century actress Sarah Siddons was famous for this, even once ending Macbeth at the sleepwalking scene.† (Wikipedia) The director plays the primary role in making decisions in the play. He interprets the text of writer and then decides how the scene has to be accomplished. He’s the primary visionary of the play. However, in every theatre and every play director has different roles to observe and their authority over various tasks also differ. In different states, every theatre determines the kind of responsibility and task to be assigned to the director. It may also vary according to the play that needs to be directed. The responsibility on each director depends on which state and theatre he is working with and what kind of play he has to cover. Different theatre companies determine what tasks need to be assigned. Directors work in cooperation with other staff members and work in collaboration with them to accomplish a task. The directing can be adopted for different styles. According to wikipedia â€Å"Directing is an artform that has grown with the development of theatre theory and theatre practice. With the emergence of new trends in theatre, so too have directors adopted new methodologies and engaged in new practices. Generally speaking, directors adopt a style of directing that falls into one or more of the following categories: the dictator, negotiator, the creative artist, and the confrontationalist† (Wikiepedia) The dictator kind of directing is that when director plays a dominant role and he’s the one who is concerned about all kind of tasks without having any suggestions from actors and other staff members. In another kind of style a director is much lenient and talks with every member about what should be done and everyone has a part to play and suggest what is best. He can be a creative artist who artistically commands each and every action of the play. He may take suggestions from others but only authorized to give final decisions. Directors have also to do something with the light settings, bulbs, intensity and shades. Directors determine where the lights will fall, which area should be shadowed and where light intensity should be great to view the scene. Actor and actress also play major part in determining the kind of clothes, make up and stage settings. Directors set that few lights have to be set on the actors. He may constantly talk and negotiate with others to produce quality scene. Role of Designer in Theatre Designer design the play backgrounds. Designer also designs the hairstyle, clothing and other related stuff of the actors. He also designs the background settings and the environment. The overall scene must be very powerful, eye-catching, and modernistic. In some scenes designer calls for realistic view of the image, while at other pictures of the scenes it must be not very clear to elude the realism. Everything was kept very simple. Background must be very good with perfect lighting and composition to keep everything straightforward. The role of Play-writer Play writer, of course is the main person who writes the script of the play. The writer writes the dialogues, speeches, scenes, backgrounds and other related stuff. Play-writer interacts with producer and directors to find out opportunities and possible thing in his writing. He may also contact by producer and director on the basis if they need any change in the play. â€Å"Even if your story revolves around subject matter the average citizen would consider less than exciting, your as the scriptwriter must find an edge that makes your video watchable. Subject matter is what you make it, and the basic notions of any dramatic, or comedic piece conflict, resolution, character arcs exist everywhere. It is up to you, the writer to disseminate what would tell a good story from a mediocre story, and then delve further.† (Cook, 2004) Play writer writes the play with scenes and dialogues according to the environment. He writes the suspense, opening and ending. The story, script, direction and production combined made the theatre compelling. The writer must first know the story of the play and what has to be written. The writer is contacted by the director and producers both. The writer writes the complete play and show this to director and producer. As directors and producers are directly involved with the play, they constantly gets in touch with the writer to have any improvement the write-up, story, and plot. â€Å"Like any form of technical writing, scriptwriting has its own ends and outs that must be adhered to in order for your script to be taken as a serious venture by the rest of the world. Find scripts that delve into your type of field, and read them carefully. Understand, if you do not know what a script looks and reads like now, or unless you take the time to find out, you never will.† (Cook, 2004) As cook advices that writing should be unique enough that it competes with all others. Writer not only writes dialogues but also expressions, complete scenes, background and plot layout of the play. Writers may need to cut the scenes if director thinks that a particular scene is not required. Even he may need to add stuff, scenes and other things as required. â€Å"The second act not only serves as the main vehicle for your story to flow with rising action, catalysts, and the climax of your story, but it also allows you to develop and humanize your characters with the audience so we, the viewing public become emotionally attached to your character. Even in a thirty second Public Service Announcement this statement is true.† (Cook, 2004) The role of Actors Actors are there to act in the play. The act on what is being written in the play. They speak the dialogues of the play. The act as directed by the director. The acting and characters in the theatre must be remarkable. With terrific dialogues it gives the magical perfection to the scenes, character and play. They interact with writer and director in a way that if they couldn’t understand anything they simply ask. â€Å"Kunqu (pronounced kwin chu) is one of the oldest and most refined styles of traditional Chinese theatre performed today. It is a synthesis of drama, opera, ballet, poetry recital, and musical recital, which also draws on earlier forms of Chinese theatrical performances such as mime, farce, acrobatics, ballad recital, and medley, some of which go back to the third century B.C. or even earlier. In a Kunqu performance, recitative is interspersed with arias sung to traditional melodies, called qu-pai. Each word or phrase is also expressed by a stylized movement or gesture that is essentially part of a dance, with strict rules of style and execution much like classical ballet. Even casual gestures must be precisely executed and timed to coordinate with the music and percussion. The refinement of the movement is further enhanced with stylized costumes that also serve as simple props.† (Kangu theatre) The characters and actors play a big part in success of the overall story because it is their acting that makes it successful. Not too many people understand arts the way actors do. Some people may say that everyone can become an actor, but not everyone can become good actors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Actors with capacity strengthen the role of actors and can present themselves as livestock professionals. Actors may be small but they are the integral part of the entire narrative. The final production of a narrative is determined by the actors and everyone else who is working in the project or they are a whole package (Actors Roles, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The roles of actors in theatre are different from those in theatre. However, they are, generally, must be prepared to take the role to shape the entire production – from the beginning to the end and they should correspond to the overall idea and context of the production.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In his interview with Olga Surkova , Tarkovsky says, â€Å"To the actor, acting must be like life itself, a riddle, a secret, a mystery.† He describes that in theatre, the actors play incredible roles and responsibilities. For actors in theatre, their roles increases (Olga, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For this, actors should be familiar with and â€Å"be acquainted with the director’s ideas and intentions in their completeness,† add Tarkovsky (Olgo, 2007). In every circumstance, they should be able to respond spontaneously and act intuitively under the director’s guidance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Actors should know the whole scenario before starting their part. For theatre actors, they have to presume that they know the end result of the theatre. They have to learn desperately and imagine the final form while those of the theatre are still at rehearsing stage (Actors for Role Play, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Theatre actors who are able to foresee the final form tend to be given the opportunity to express his or her own ideas of the role they are playing or the role of other actors. This makes them to be fateful, which in turn, add to the final form of the production. This is applied to actors of all scenarios. Too often, the final form is better than the script or vice versa. It depends on the actors and the roles they play in the entire set.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not only actors have different roles in different scenarios, but they also require different methods in different cases. Director plays important part in this because he or she has to be innovative and creative while guiding the actors to meet the final as he imagine what is written in the script. In fact, the director breathes life to the actors and together, they work to produce a production of the same theme.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some directors require the actors not to know the whole script but waiting for his or guidance. The most important requirement for their role is that they should not be artificial but act naturally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Said Olga, if in theater the director’s idea represent the foundation of the cast’s acting, the actors fills â€Å"a function in an intellectually constructed ritual. The director’s thoughts are transmitted through the tangible presence on stage of the person playing the part.† (Olga, 2007) For example in Murder in the Cathedral The act of female chorus was contradictory to the male priests and showed Thomas’ disagreement and conflicting feelings and thought. The play is shown in very naà ¯ve manner and with clarity to depict the historical period accurately. Though there might be some deviations from the real facts when analyzed in details. However, production is good and historical events are portrayed well. The image of the characters is well depicted (Murder in the Cathederal).   Play is formed with multidimensional platform with big cast to handle and with beautiful lighting decoration of the stage. It tried to give exact picture of Thomas’ world and his internal and external relationship in cathedral. The visual experience is very good and pictures historical period. The chorus of females, who were six from Canterbury, used to sing the fears, oppression, despair and sufferings of people representing an ordinary folk. This chorus were mainly chanting and speaking of ordinary people hardships they suffer due to the temporal power on them. In the play they are narrating to the audience about the past and express their feelings about the fate. The women of Canterbury sang about destiny, which focus the environment of play on martyrdom, life and death. To some extent they foretell Thomas murder. Portray of women was shown as protective, caring, weak but intuitive, and quintessence of Canterbury people (Murder in the Cathederal). Conclusion Interaction of Producer, Director, Designer, Writer and Actors is very important in production of a play. The details of setting and characters are directed very accurately and in cost-effective way. All the individual elements like script, characters, acting, lighting, direction, production, writing, editing and photography all perfectly correlated. A perfect balance must be created in all the settings. All these things from playwriting to final production of the play are equally interrelated. If everything is done perfectly in its place then the play goes very well. References Content standards for theatre http://www.artsusa.org/public_awareness/standards/California/CALIFORNIA-%20THEATRE%20STANDARDS.PDF Cook, Nash. (2004) Writing a Shooting Script. Retrieved from http://is.asu.edu/dms/WritingaShootingScript.htm Olga Surkova interviews Tarkovsky . Retrieved May 3, 2007 from http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~tstronds/nostalghia.com/TheTopics/On_Acting.html Actors for Role Play. Retrieved May 3, 2007 from http://www.actorsmeanbusiness.co.uk/role1.htm Actors Roles. Retrieved Mary 3, 2007 from http://www.actorsmeanbusiness.co.uk/role1.htm Kangu theatre: http://wtrgreenkunqu.org/Resources/Kunqu Description.htm Wikepedia.com Cook, Nash. Writing a Shooting Script. Retrieved from http://is.asu.edu/dms/WritingaShootingScript.htm

The Articles of Confederation :: American America History

The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation was the first constitution of the United States of America. The Articles of Confederation were first drafted by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia Pennsylvania in 1777. This first draft was prepared by a man named John Dickinson in 1776. The Articles were then ratified in 1781. The cause for the changes to be made was due to state jealousies and widespread distrust of the central authority. This jealousy then led to the emasculation of the document. As adopted, the articles provided only for a "firm league of friendship" in which each of the 13 states expressly held "its sovereignty, freedom, and independence." The People of each state were given equal privileges and rights, freedom of movement was guaranteed, and procedures for the trials of accused criminals were outlined. The articles established a national legislature called the Congress, consisting of two to seven delegates from each state; each state had one vote, according to its size or population. No executive or judicial branches were provided for. Congress was charged with responsibility for conducting foreign relations, declaring war or peace, maintaining an army and navy, settling boundary disputes, establishing and maintaining a postal service, and various lesser functions. Some of these responsibilities were shared with the states, and in one way or another Congress was dependent upon the cooperation of the states for carrying out any of them. Four visible weaknesses of the articles, apart from those of organization, made it impossible for Congress to execute its constitutional duties. These were analyzed in numbers 15-22 of The FEDERALIST, the political essays in which Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay argued the case for the U.S. CONSTITUTION of 1787. The first weakness was that Congress could legislate only for states, not for individuals; because of this it could not enforce legislation. Second, Congress had no power to tax. Instead, it was to assess its expenses and divide those among the states on the basis of the value of land. States were then to tax their own citizens to raise the money for these expenses and turn the proceeds over to Congress. They could not be forced to do so, and in practice they rarely met their obligations. Third, Congress lacked the power to control commerce--without its power to conduct foreign relations was not necessary, since most treaties except those of peace were concern ed mainly with trade.

Role of the Regulatory Body Essay

The parents of Anjum a little girl who is new to your setting moved to England only 3 months ago. Yours is the first setting that they have used for 18 month old Anjum. They have very little understanding of the legislation covering home based childcare or the role of the regulatory body. Consider 4 pieces of legislation that are important for home based childcarers and how you would outline these to Anjum’s parents? How would you go about outlining the 4 different roles of the regulatory body to Anjum’s parents? Relevant Assessment Criteria: 1.1 Outline the current legislation covering home based childcare and the role of regulatory bodies Legislation The most influential legislation comes from the 2004 Children Act, this act arose from the Green Paper ‘Every Child Matters’, the most relevant parts of this legislation for yourselves with regards to Anjum are: Be healthy Stay Safe Enjoy and Achieve Make a positive contribution I will explain to you both how the above relates to Anjums whilst in my care. Be Healthy We will spend a lot of time outside this will allow Anjum to become more physically thus mentally healthy. All snacks and drinks will always be healthy, thus promoting a healthy lifestyle. Stay safe My home environment is safe for Anjum thus preventing accidents to the best that I can. It is a stable environment for Anjum to grow up in, he will be cared for in all regards. Protected from maltreatment, neglect, violence, sexual exploitation and safe from bullying and discrimination. Enjoy and Achieve I will prepare Anjum for school, she will be encouraged to achieve personal and social skills whilst enjoying recreation time. Make a positive contribution Anjum will be encouraged in decision-making throughout the day whilst considering her environment, an example of this would be not to drop litter when we are going for walks. All children in my care will be encouraged to form positive relationships, they will be guided with regards treating their peers on an equal footing to each other, and there will be no bullying and/or discrimination. I will develop self-confidence and good behavior. Role of the Regulatory Body (Ofsted) Ofsted are an independent and impartial service who report to the Government bodies. They inspect all services that provide education to children and young people. Ofsted help to improve our standards for you children. Registration / Inspection Ofsted undertake checks on my household members, such as police records, this is to protect you child from being around people that are a potential danger to children. Ofsted ensure I hold a valid first aid certificate, which shows that I have suitable training in first aid procedures if required at any point. I have signed to say I have agreed to meet a set of requirements set out by Ofsted. I will provide you with my certificate if you require me to, this will show you any conditions of registration that apply to myself. Investigation I will keep a record of any complaints and I will share the results of any investigations with any of my parents if requested by yourself or others. If you have any complaints or concerns that I am not meeting the requirements of registration, you can contact Ofsted directly. Enforcement Ofsted have the powers to ensure that I am providing the requirements and conditions that are stipulated, if I am not they can enforce further conditions and requirements, these are all in place to protect your child and provide the best care possible. If you have any problems with regards to the service I provide you, you can get in contact with Ofsted and report your concerns. Policies and Procedures Accidents Illness and Emergencies Policy Statement: It is my statutory duty to safeguard the children in my care, the safety of your child and any child within my care is paramount at all times. Every measure will be taken at all times to protect your child and any other child from injuring themselves or others. Unfortunately accidents, children become ill and a situation can arise that becomes an emergency and as such please find below the procedure that will be followed if a situation develops. Procedure As a registered child minder I will ensure the following points that relate to a situation are carried out: Once assessment of the injury has taken place I will seek medical help. If medical help is required they are then other requirements that I will follow; I will inform Ofsted under Standard 14.3 and inform my insurance company. If required I will carry out first aid for which I have got the nesseccary training for. Comfort will be given to the child at all times. Contact will be made with yourselves as soon as practically possible. A note will be entered within the accident book, I will ask you to sign the book and then provide you with a copy for your records. Current insurance that I am covered with allows me to carry out certain procedures. If I find myself in a situation which is unfamiliar to myself, I will either contact the child’s guardian/parent or seek medical advise via the doctors of the emergency services. Any procedures or requirements to administrate medication will require a signature from the guardian/parent. Unfortunately medication is required to be given, if this is the case I would ask you to keep me up to date, especially if you have to medical advice. Unfortunately accidents do happen, if this is the case I would ask you to keep me up to date, especially if you have to seek medical advice. Behaviour Policy Statement: It is my statutory duty to encourage children in my care to behave, showing respect to others and themselves at all times. Procedure As a registered child minder I will encourage the children follow the following points which will set a good standard of behaviour for all children: Children will be encouraged to say please and thank you. Children will be made aware of all boundaries and reminded when necessary. Children will be encouraged to listen, understand and follow instructions, I will also listen to all children, asking for their ideas. Children will be encouraged not use bad language. Children will be encouraged to respect each other and property. Children will be encouraged to help with planning the day and activities. I will give praise for all good behaviour. I will give 15 mins, 10 mins and 5 min warnings to end each activity. Parents will be asked to remind their children of the rules whilst in my care. Safeguarding Policy Statement: It is my statutory duty to safeguard the children in my care, ensuring their welfare and all other children. Procedures that I will follow are set by the local safeguarding Children’s board. Procedure: As a registered child minder I will: I will look out for signs of neglect, child abuse both emotionally and sexually. If I have reason to believe that any child in my care is being abused in any way I will report the matter to the Duty Social Worker for Leicestershire Social Services, Child protection Team. Under these circumstances I will not be able to keep information relating to your child confidential, but will need to share it with Ofsted, Social Services and the  Police if requested. Please see the Leicestershire Guidelines protection of child minders, this will be followed by myself on all accounts. I will undertake training via the local council regarding safeguarding and protecting children. Equal Opportunities Policy Statement: It is my duty to give all children in my care the opportunity to undertake all activities and encourage them to reach their full potential. I will encourage equality of opportunity and anti-discriminatory practices for all children. Procedure: As a registered child minder I will achieve this by: Adapting the activities if required for the children to reach their full potential. I will provide additional help and support if required for children to reach their full potential. All toys within my home will be for both sexes, toys will reflect positive images of children and people from different cultures and abilities. I will acknowledge all relevant legislation. No child in my care will be discriminated against in anyway, whether for their skin colour, culture, gender, ability or religion. I will challenge any remarks that I feel are inappropriate. I will teach children in my care about different cultures and religions, I will use books, puzzles and / or toys and I will cook with the children different types of food to relate to our learning. I will be looking at special festivals and dressing up to represent these. I will encourage children to respect each other, their differences and their needs. I will encourage children and their parents to collect any materials, take photos of any events they attend, this will enable a show and tell. I will not discriminate against any children or parents on the basis of race, age, sexuality, class and or family status. I will act if a child or parent uses any language that is inappropriate.

About Vietnam War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 763 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Vietnam War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? The frustration of Nixon was clearly building with the failure despite all sorts of efforts. A futile invasion of Cambodia, continued but ineffective Vietnamization policy, no cooperation from PRC, and an attempt to cripple the North into negotiations through bombing; nothing seemed to be working. This incapability to find a solution further led the Nixon administration to continue bombing on the North, with a wrong perception that raw control on the battle will gain them advantage. After this series of failures, Nixon came up with a decent interval strategy. The plan was to withdraw about 150,000 troops from Vietnam in multiple phases to avoid the potentially huge protests that were likely to happen following spring. The domestic dissent was brewing faster. The Cambodian invasion was not welcomed by the majority of American public and in certain events, anti-war protestors were killed in clashes with the National Guard and the police. This led students across US to aggressively participate in demonstrations and strikes with the disbelief that they could actually be killed for practicing their freedom of speech. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About Vietnam War" essay for you Create order It was not just the communist allies that were resisting American interests in the South. The local people were increasingly frustrated with the idea that America had to take over the burden of their fight. They actually had suffered far more losses of lives and livelihoods then Americans did. Thieu also look at Vietnamization policy as the American abandonment of the mess it created. While Nixon administration intermittently carried on the efforts with NLF, DRV, and RVN in Paris seeking a bilateral withdrawal of militaries of North Vietnam and America, the North were adamant and demanded America to withdraw unilaterally along with a forced termination of Thieus regime. As this period of no apparent solutions continued, Secretary of State Kissinger now approached China with stacks of documents which included satellite images and other intelligence reports about the USSR military information. In exchange, the PRC Premier Elai assured Chinese support to bring the Vietnam War to its termination. Along with providing the documents, Nixon administration made it clear to the Chinese that America was no longer interested in modernization of South Vietnam. It just wanted to get out as soon as it could. Le Duc Tho, a major politician of the North Vietnam, explained the situation to Kissinger that United States can surely carry on its effort to strengthen the military of the South Vietnam and leave as many advisors. Tho wondered if these puppet troops could actually be able to fight as a versatile army within a feasible time period. Kissinger was missing the point that these steps were only prolonging the war, which the North Vietnamese had been fighting for generations and there was no way for US to counter the natives who were willing to sacrifice everything. When Zhou Enlai and Le Duc Tho had a meeting to talk about the war, Tho trusted Enlais advice without being aware of the secret exchanges between Nixon administration and Enlai. Basically Enlai successfully convinced Tho that he should grant Nixon, Kissinger, and Thieu their wish and recognize the power of Theiu. Enlai effectively argued that this would actually help the North Vietnamese in their cause too. It would be much easier for the North Vietnam to gain victory once American military was out from the south. This Enlai-Tho meeting was critical because Nixon and Kissinger were prepared for that period of decent interval. In applying this decent interval strategy, Nixon administration wanted a period significant enough between the US withdrawal and the inevitable fall of South Vietnam to communism that would divert the blame from Americas abandonment to failure of the South Vietnam to defend itself. In 1973, the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Provisional Revolutionary Government (of NLF) agreed in a meeting in Paris to bring an end to this era of atrocity. It was decided that there will be interim government with equal powers to PRG, GVN, and the DRV, which was practically an invitation for communist takeover of South Vietnam. Nixon announced his retirement after the Watergate scandal in 1973 which further curbed his public rating. Congress approved, for one last time, a fund of $300 million to retrieve the Americans back. As Ho Chi Minh exclaimed in 1966, If by final victory you mean the departure of the Americans, then we will fight to final victory. Everything depends on the Americans. If they want to make war for twenty years then we shall make war for twenty years. If they want to make peace, we shall make peace and invite them to tea afterwards.117