The Role NGOs Play in Poverty in Developing Countries Essay

The Role NGOs Play in Poverty in Developing Countries - Essay Example As the essay declares the presence of poverty adds to these factors and makes the economic scenario worse for the developing nations. Thus one of the essential reforms in the developing nations is reducing the level of poverty.From the paper it is clear that  strategies for poverty reduction in a country include the various macroeconomic policies and social programmes that help in reducing poverty and stimulating economic growth. The social and structural programmes for reducing poverty in developing countries are designed after analysing the multidimensional effects of poverty. The ultimate objective of these policies is raising the quality of life of the poor. Generally such policies are associated with a deep involvement of the civil society. The civil society’s participation in the policies promotes the national ownership of the poverty reduction strategies. Poverty is a deep-rooted problem for any nation. Hence the strategies taken for its eradication also involve a lon g time horizon. This is the reason for the long-term perspective of poverty reduction strategie.   Various strategies are followed for poverty eradication in developing nations. The most popular among them is Ownership strategy. One of the most significant factors that contribute to the problem of poverty is the unequal distribution of economic resources, since this unequal distribution denies the access of economic resources to the poor. The ownership strategy of poverty reduction aims at an appropriate distribution of economic resources in the developing countries.   

Impact of Web Services Essay Example for Free

Impact of Web Services Essay Web services are self-contained, self-describing, and modular applications that can be published, located, and invoked across the Web. Web services Perform functions that can be anything from simple requests to complicated business Processes†. (http://webservices. xml. com/pub/a/ws/2001/04/04/webservices/index. html) We are the habitants of the 21st century. This is considered as the most innovative century of the world. Day-by-day innovations have made the world a global village. Everyday, new models of home appliances are introduced in the market, and not only home appliances but also everything is changing itself day to day. Even human beings have adjusted their lifestyles according to the modern era. In old days, people used different sources to communicate with each other. They would send telegrams telephoned their fellows. Slowly as their minds began to innovate, they produced new sources of communication. Through many gradual changes we produced and benefited many things. The human mind is very sharp because it can do any new if it is utilized in positive way. This mind had innovated many things. And today the most popular source of communication is the web service. This is also the effort of human’s sharp mind. The web service is the easiest way to communicate people through computer. This service has several benefits and loses. When this service was launched it became very popular and now through this service people have established their businesses. This service provides entertainment, information, professions and benefit people in several other ways. â€Å"The Colorado Department of Agriculture uses Web services to publish deer and elk tracking data, Jet Blue Airways Corp. uses them to process credit card transactions, and the state of New Mexico uses them for content management†. Enrique Castro through his article focuses on the future obstacles, which will be faced by the society and how will it affect the businesses around the world. â€Å"Assessing the future impact of Web services is at best an uncertain exercise from todays vantage point. There will be technical consequences, but perhaps the most profound will be its effect on society and business. What will be the effect on IT workers, especially those on developed economies who are? Concerned about off shoring? Will a 90% reduction in the cost of Enterprise Application Integration projects lead to more unemployment? Or will businesses decide to tackle more ambitious projects with the extra productivity? At the same time, as the technical hurdles to attain a certain level of functionality are diminished, comparatively, business Considerations rises in importance. This means programmers and IT workers will need to get more involved with the business aspects and business consequences of their tasks. The needs to build on business skills are a frequent theme in trade journals today. Jobs that require business skills and internal company business knowledge are much harder to outsource†. (Castro, 2003) Through these scholarly articles and scientific point of view, people who use web service regularly have a bad effect on their health. Using web service regularly and continuously is a health hazard. The rays of computer are so powerful that they can damage the eyes in many ways. It strongly affects the iris inside the eye. These rays damage the brain also. It has severe effects on the human health. Web Services have a great impact in our daily life. People who are known of the web’s Negative and positive aspects try to spread awareness about it. Professional people use web for their work but today the rising question is about the young generation. Is it? Doing the right jobs on the web or just using it for fun, entertainment? It is very necessary to tell the kids about the positive and negative aspects of the web. It is a source to promote awareness among people but nowadays people are misusing the web services in several ways. â€Å"The maturing of Web services and interoperability standards allow users to have access to a framework that enables them to access spatial data and applications from anywhere across the network, as was recently demonstrated in the Australian Spatial interoperability Demonstration Project (SIDP) project. This means that data can be obtained from point-of-truth custodians, avoiding duplication and enabling business continuity solutions, saving significant time and money and delivering better information products. Despite these obvious benefits, this approach highlights a number of issues around security, connectivity, privacy, licensing, etc. These need to be, and can be, dealt with effectively. However, sometimes such issues begin to lead lives of their own. They turn into myths that risk resonating with the decision-makers, hampering much needed Innovation. † (http://www. directionsmag. com/article. php? article_id=2011trv=1) Through different opinions, Web services are very helpful in businesses, media and in our daily life. It helps us in every field either it is networking, marketing or any other occupation it is a proved fact that without web services we cannot go further in any field. Analysts have analyzed that web services would create problems in the future because people would be using web services above requirement and they will be dependant of web services. Lastly, I would conclude that web services are a way to communicate people across the world. It is a very useful technological service. It provides us better information, entertainment and knowledgeable facts about the habitants of the world. Today many people are misusing it just for the sake of money and their entertainment. People have made web services a black-money earning source, but we should try to destroy the destructive minds that are providing a wrong impression of the web services to us. It is a common belief of our society that media and web services are very-beautifully playing their role in destroying the youngsters. Web services have negative impact too on the Society, but it does not mean that we start avoiding such a useful source of information. References Web Services Impact Web Services Impact http://www. eweek.com/article2/0,1759,537367,00. asp? kc=EWNKT0209KTX1K0100440 Retrieved January 27, 2007 Web services to offload integration from professional services | InfoWorld | News | 2003-05-23 | By Paul Krill http://www. infoworld. com/article/03/05/23/HNzap_1. html Retrieved January 27, 2007 Enrique Castro. An Introduction to Web Services. Ziff Davis Channel Zone, November, 2003 http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_zdzcz/is_200311/ai_ziff113418/pg_5 Trends in Web Mapping: Dispelling the Myths around Web Services Articles http://www. directionsmag. com/article. php? article_id=2011trv=1 Retrieved January 27, 2007

Gender Stereotypes in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House and Susan Glaspell

Gender Stereotypes in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House and Susan Glaspell's Trifles In the plays A Doll's House, by Henrik Ibsen, and Trifles, by Susan Glaspell, the male characters propagate stereotypes and make assumptions concerning the female characters. These assumptions deal with the way in which the male characters see the female characters, on a purely stereotypical, gender-related level. The stereotypes and assumptions made in A Doll's House are manifest in the way Torvald Helmer treats his wife, Nora, and in the way Nora acts to please her husband. These include the beliefs that women are lesser people, childlike in their actions and in need of being controlled. Nora knows as long as she acts in accordance with the way she is expected, she will get what she wants from Torvald. The stereotypes and assumptions made in Trifles are those of the women being concerned only with trifling things, that they are loyal to the feminine gender, and that women are subservient to their spouses. Torvald Helmer is the stereotypical Nineteenth-century husband, as he is a controlling, condescending patriarch. By referring to his wife with diminutive names, Torvald propagates the "women are lesser that men" stereotype and keeps his wife in a position of subservience. In line 11 of the first act, we come across the first instance of Torvald's bird references to Nora with "Is that my little lark twittering out there?" This reference is the first of many in which Torvald refers to Nora as a lark. Often this referencing is preceded by diminutive terms such as "little" and "sweet, little." Torvald also refers to Nora as a squirrel, a spendthrift, a songbird, and a goose, these terms also preceded with a diminutive. The significance of th... ...iterature. 5th edition. Boston & New York: Bedford/St. Martin's Press, 1999. 1564-1612. Ibsen, Henrik. A Doll House. Lives Through Literature: A Thematic Anthology. Ed. Helane Levine Keating et al. 2nd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1995. 782-838. Longford, Elizabeth. Eminent Victorian Women. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1981. McFarlane, James, compiler. Henrik Ibsen: A Critical Anthology. 1970. Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart. "The Angel Over the Right Shoulder." Solomon 1: 156-64. Sigourney, Lydia. "The Intemperate." Solomon 1: 70-85. Solomon, Barbara H., ed. Rediscoveries: American Short Stories by Women, 1832-1916. New York: Penguin Group, 1994. Templeton, Joan. "Is A Doll House a Feminist Text?" (1989). Rpt. In Meyer. 1635-36. Templeton, Joan. "The Doll House Backlash: Criticism, Feminism,and Ibsen." PMLA (January 1989): 28-40.

The Crucible - Form and Structure Essay -- English Literature

The Crucible - Form and Structure Arthur Miller uses various different techniques in the form and structure of ‘The Crucible’ to create suspense and maintain the audience’s interest. Of course, one of the main factors of the form and structure of the play is its genre. ‘The Crucible’ can be described as being a symbolic play, a tragedy, a political play, an historical play and a narrative play in naturalistic form. It is symbolic, political and historic as although the story revolves around the Salem witch trials, the ideas and morals behind the plot can be viewed as Miller’s criticism of McCarthyism. The play can also be seen as being narrative in a naturalistic form due to the lengthy set descriptions and stage directions followed by regular, natural yet stylised conversational prose. Obviously, the plot of ‘The Crucible’ is tragic as it ends with Miller killing off the main characters. One method Miller uses to keep the audience excited and interested is his use of high tension and climaxes. He ends each of the four acts with a climax, for example, Act Three finishes with Hale exclaiming, ‘I denounce these proceedings, I quit this court!’ as ‘he slams the door’ behind him. Climaxes such as this will always keep an audience alert and wanting to know more. Scenes like this particular one also create an engaging atmosphere and help the audience to understand extreme Puritanism more clearly. The theme of witch hunting in ‘The Crucible’ is an exciting factor which will also maintain audience interest. Miller also changes the focus of the play in each act. For instance, Miller’s main idea in Act One is ‘fear of the unknown’ which he shows through Parris’ insistence on there being ‘no unnatural cause here... ...d his wife creating tension not only by the change of space on stage, but also by adapting to a much slower dialogue with pauses. Through acting out various scenes from ‘The Crucible’, I have learnt that by ending each act with a cliff-hanger it is human nature which makes one feel like they must know more and what happens next. By forming each act as a story in itself, Miller heightens the atmosphere of mass hysteria due to this ongoing use of tension and climaxes. Miller succeeds in keeping the audience’s interest flowing despite this way of a different story in each act by using subplots, for example, the rivalry between Giles Corey and Thomas Putnam. Altogether, ‘The Crucible’ is written with an easy to follow form and structure using pace, dialogue and action to aid builds of tension and climaxes and therefore remain interesting to the audience.

The Role Of Protein Misfolding And Aggregation In BSE

When a protein misfolds it changes its behavior and function. If it becomes hydrophobic after once being polar. The properties and functionality of the protein are no longer useful to the organism and disaster results. PrPSc is hydrophobic, it avoids water inside of the cell†¦it attracts and attaches other proteins to misfolds and become hydrophobic †¦Misfolding spreads because the PrPSc act as chaperone proteins to convert PrPc TO PrPSc and cannot be converted back to PrPc.The normal homeostasis would be reached and health regained by PROTAEOSOMES (protein destroyers) eating the corrupt PrPSc proteins BUT.. These are not recognized by the proteasomes and so are not destroyed. They keep multiplying and they clump together and aggregate inside the cell and the cell stops doing its normal work and eventually it dies. Prion – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/PrPSc How enzymes work Enzymes are co mplex protiens whose main function is to reduce or speed up the energy required for a reaction to occur.This happens thru the enzymes ability to break or form a bond within a substance that results in 1 or 2 new substances without changing the protein configuration of the enzyme itself – this keeps the enzyme available to continue its work. The area on the enzyme where the work takes place is called the active site. The specific molecule that becomes transformed is called a substrate.It seems to me that enzymes with the suffixes dehydrogenase break up substances and sythetase combine substances to make new products. Anaerobic Glycolysis occurs when there is continuing muscle activity. This produces some ATP for continued muscle work but not a whole lot. Lactic acid builds and eventually the muscles get fatigued and activity must stop. The blood then diffuses this lactate to the liver where it is converted back to glucose and enters into the citric acid cycle and more ATP is c reated.If a certain enzyme were to be lacking in the citric acid cycle if would grind it to a halt, ATP enery would not be produced and cell death would occur is one of the assisting molecules that help the electrons cross the intercellular membrane of the mitochondria. The electrons are then passed from enzyme to enzyme in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, in an energy gradient and they lose some of their energy at each step. This transfer which causes in a high concentration of H+ protons is what results in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP (and energy).The final transfer involves the combining of electrons and H2 atoms with oxygen. This forms water. The molecules that take part in the transport of these electrons are referred to as the electron transport chain. Oxaloacetate is the first substrate to bind to the enzyme. This induces the enzyme to change its conformation, and creates a binding site for the acetyl-CoA. Only when this citroyl-CoA has formed will another confor mational change cause thioester hydrolysis and release coenzyme A. This ensures that the energy released from the thioester bond cleavage will drive the condensation. Oxaloacetate will be regenerated after the completion

Free Essays on Protagonist In “A Good Man Is Hard To Find“

1. The Grandmother in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† was a very interesting character whom I found myself liking very much. I found her to be very stereotypical of a southern grandmother. In fact, she reminded of my own grandmother! While she could come across as controlling or manipulative, I found her to be a good lady with quite a bit of style and a flare for conversation. When we enter the story, we are faced with the Grandmother arguing with her son, Bailey, about the family trip. â€Å"The Grandmother didn’t want to go to Florida.† As her point of argument, the Grandmother was pointing out the fact that an escaped convict who calls himself the Misfit has escaped from the Federal Pen and is heading to Florida. She argued that her conscious could never allow her to take her family in the direction of criminal of that kind. However, it seems that the Grandmother was really only saying this to try to get the family to go to Tennessee, instead, to visit some of her friends. Although at first it seems her family is simply treating her rudely by paying her no mind, I believe they were really just used to this kind of thing from the Grandmother. The Grandmother must not have been too concerned with the criminal on the loose, because she was the first in the car and ready to go the next morning. I found this all to be very cute in a com ical sort of way. Once in the car, the grandmother continued to amuse me. Going against her son Bailey’s wishes, she smuggled her cat, Pitty Sing, along for the trip. She was afraid that he might â€Å"miss her too much and she was afraid he might brush against one of the gas burners and accidentally asphyxiate himself.† This point shows how, much like other grandmother’s, the grandmother was a worrier in an almost silly sort of way. Most of us would never imagine our cats brushing a gas burner and suffocating in three days time, but the grandmother did, much like I could very well im... Free Essays on Protagonist In â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Findâ€Å" Free Essays on Protagonist In â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Findâ€Å" 1. The Grandmother in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† was a very interesting character whom I found myself liking very much. I found her to be very stereotypical of a southern grandmother. In fact, she reminded of my own grandmother! While she could come across as controlling or manipulative, I found her to be a good lady with quite a bit of style and a flare for conversation. When we enter the story, we are faced with the Grandmother arguing with her son, Bailey, about the family trip. â€Å"The Grandmother didn’t want to go to Florida.† As her point of argument, the Grandmother was pointing out the fact that an escaped convict who calls himself the Misfit has escaped from the Federal Pen and is heading to Florida. She argued that her conscious could never allow her to take her family in the direction of criminal of that kind. However, it seems that the Grandmother was really only saying this to try to get the family to go to Tennessee, instead, to visit some of her friends. Although at first it seems her family is simply treating her rudely by paying her no mind, I believe they were really just used to this kind of thing from the Grandmother. The Grandmother must not have been too concerned with the criminal on the loose, because she was the first in the car and ready to go the next morning. I found this all to be very cute in a com ical sort of way. Once in the car, the grandmother continued to amuse me. Going against her son Bailey’s wishes, she smuggled her cat, Pitty Sing, along for the trip. She was afraid that he might â€Å"miss her too much and she was afraid he might brush against one of the gas burners and accidentally asphyxiate himself.† This point shows how, much like other grandmother’s, the grandmother was a worrier in an almost silly sort of way. Most of us would never imagine our cats brushing a gas burner and suffocating in three days time, but the grandmother did, much like I could very well im...

What Contributions Did Florence Nightingale Make To The Deve essays

What Contributions Did Florence Nightingale Make To The Deve essays The majority of medical workers in the 19th century had very little training and skill; a surgeon would have learnt how to operate by becoming the apprentice of another surgeon. Nurses were seen to be quite low in society, what with being surrounded with poorly members of the public and having to work in filthy and very unpleasant conditions. The hospitals they had then were typically rat-infested, the wounded on the floor rather than on beds, with very low supply of bandages and no soap, towels or washing material. This quite clearly explains why Florence Nightingales family were utterly against her wishes to go into nursing. Florence Nightingale was born in 1820 to a wealthy family. She was given first class schooling and lived in a comfortable environment. The idea of someone in her position wanting to go into work, let alone nursing, was seen as preposterous. Nightingales family her mother especially - had no interest in her wishes. Then finally, Florences father gave h er 500 (a large sum of money in those days) to go and study nursing in Germany. During the Crimean War Florence Nightingale was working in the British barracks-hospital in Scutari (now part of Turkey), looking after the wounded soldiers who had been battling for Britain. The death rate of the wounded soldiers was exceedingly high. Florence Nightingale introduced very strict sanitation standards. The death rate within the hospital dropped by a substantial amount. After the war Nightingale returned home to a heros welcome. She promoted nursing as a professional medical career. She founded a training school at St Thomas Hospital and an army medical school. In 1869 she stayed in her home as a hermit, but still contributed administratively to the development of nursing in Britain and to the well being of patients in hospitals. In conclusion Florence Nightingale contributed a great deal to the development ...

Free Essays on Philippine Structural Analysis

Structural Diagram An Analysis 1. How do the laws affect the process of production, ownership of land, factories, etc? -Majority of the dominant classes are themselves the leader, or if not, closely associated with the leaders of the state since they are the ones who have the capacity to pressure the government through their taxes. The state is very considerate with the dominant class because of the economic sanctions that the dominant class may provide. Because of this, the state leaders, who wanted to please the dominant class, would provide them the laws that would cater their best interest on the process of production, ownership of land and factories. Case: the land reform program that was instigated by President Aquino was one among the best examples that could demonstrate how the laws affect the process of production, ownership of land and factories. Specifically, the land reform program of the â€Å"Hacienda Luisita† in Tarlac created an ironic picture of a law that was geared to distribute lands evenly to the thousands of tenants who, for decades of farming, never had a land to till. Instead, the land reform law was left half made making dominant families to cater the law according to their want shares and interest. In Hacienda Luisita, (the Cojuanco’s family), President Aquino divided the Hacienda Luisita to her own relatives instead of her tenants. 2. What laws are made that affect values and their transmission through schools, media? -The laws that are made to affect values and their transmission through schools, media, etc are products of concerted efforts to condition the individual consciousness to eventually legitimize the laws that were passed in accordance with the interest of the dominant classes. Case: The congressional commission on education, for example, provided an imperatus for congress to pass RA7722 and RA7796 in 1994 creating the CHED and TESDA. These two commi... Free Essays on Philippine Structural Analysis Free Essays on Philippine Structural Analysis Structural Diagram An Analysis 1. How do the laws affect the process of production, ownership of land, factories, etc? -Majority of the dominant classes are themselves the leader, or if not, closely associated with the leaders of the state since they are the ones who have the capacity to pressure the government through their taxes. The state is very considerate with the dominant class because of the economic sanctions that the dominant class may provide. Because of this, the state leaders, who wanted to please the dominant class, would provide them the laws that would cater their best interest on the process of production, ownership of land and factories. Case: the land reform program that was instigated by President Aquino was one among the best examples that could demonstrate how the laws affect the process of production, ownership of land and factories. Specifically, the land reform program of the â€Å"Hacienda Luisita† in Tarlac created an ironic picture of a law that was geared to distribute lands evenly to the thousands of tenants who, for decades of farming, never had a land to till. Instead, the land reform law was left half made making dominant families to cater the law according to their want shares and interest. In Hacienda Luisita, (the Cojuanco’s family), President Aquino divided the Hacienda Luisita to her own relatives instead of her tenants. 2. What laws are made that affect values and their transmission through schools, media? -The laws that are made to affect values and their transmission through schools, media, etc are products of concerted efforts to condition the individual consciousness to eventually legitimize the laws that were passed in accordance with the interest of the dominant classes. Case: The congressional commission on education, for example, provided an imperatus for congress to pass RA7722 and RA7796 in 1994 creating the CHED and TESDA. These two commi...

Work Release Programs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Work Release Programs - Essay Example 2. A negative group of conditions, if the offender has these conditions then he is not qualified for the work release program (FDC, n.d.). The conditions to get involved in the program 1. The remaining time for the offender to finish his service time in prison is one year and a quarter or less, and there is ability for the authority to extend his service time (FDC, n.d.).2. The percentage of the spent time in service in prison is at least "85%" of the total time he should spend, and that is when there is no ability for the authority to extend his service time (FDC, n.d.). The conditions that cause disqualification 1. The offender is "convicted of sexual battery pursuant to s.794.011 F.S." (FDC, n.d.). 2. If the offender's current service in prison is the "fourth" at least. Any sentences from any other state will be counted (FDC, n.d.). 3. The offender escaped from a prison within "five years" before (FDC, n.d.). 4. If the offender "detainer filed against him/her". But in some cases this condition could be removed from the offender under some circumstances (FDC, n.d.). Under what circumstances a detain file could be ignored 1. The authority who is responsible for the detain procedures doesn't put the procedures in progress or doesn't approve it, and allows the offender to get involved in the program (FDC, n.d.). 2. If the offender has to pay money to terminate the detain procedure. If the offender joined a work release program he will be able to pay any necessary costs (FDC, n.d.).3. The offender's participation in a work release program was canceled "on his current commitment...A positive group of conditions, if the offender has these conditions then he is qualified for the work release program (FDC, n.d.). 1. The remaining time for the offender to finish his service time in prison is one year and a quarter or less, and there is ability for the authority to extend his service time (FDC, n.d.). 2. The percentage of the spent time in service in prison is at least "85%" of the total time he should spend, and that is when there is no ability for the authority to extend his service time (FDC, n.d.). The program aims to ensure security in community. The program also intends to provide good treatment and surveillance for the offenders. The final target of the program for the offenders is to change them from negative individuals to positive individuals, and that's to reconnect them to the public community and their families. The department in fact is trying to treat offenders as people who need help, not as people who need punishment (FDC, n.d.). The main problem that faces applying this work release program is that the offenders could escape during their participation in the program.

Fitness Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fitness Report - Essay Example There are several effects that arise from Diabetes II. They include nerve damage, eye damage, heart disease and kidney damage. Also, diabetes quickens the narrowing and hardening of arteries, which usually leads to coronary heart disease and strokes. Diabetic people have higher mortality rates due to complications that result from the diabetes than non-diabetic people. According to Fox and Kilvert (65), the main causes of onset-diabetes include insufficient insulin in the blood, and abnormal insulin; thus, does not function properly. Also, diabetes II develops when the body starts resisting insulin, and when pancreas fails to generate enough insulin. Several studies have shown that Diabetes II is partly reversible. For instance, a study conducted by the School of Medicine in the U.S, showed that Diabetes II is in part an autoimmune disease. The B cells occur in the inflammation of the visceral fat that comes before diabetes, and controlling them using drugs can prevent insulin resistance; hence, reversing the diabetic condition. Lifestyle choices that one can make to prevent or slow down the onset of Diabetes II include regular exercises, which can improve insulin sensitivity, controlling weight since even a small weight loss of about 7% of the total body weight can prevent diabetes, and reduction of carbohydrate intake. Diabetes II patients are responsible for much of their care, which can be made easy by setting diabetes goals for weight, blood sugar levels, cardiac, and exercise goals. For the weight, a person should aim to maintain a healthy weight for their body type and height. Also, they should follow the blood sugar targets and the cardiac targets set by the National institute of Health (Fox and Kilvert

Media Communication and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media Communication and Culture - Essay Example The industry has had its fair share of troubles and triumphs. Being cyclical in nature, there is no primary framework for success because demand and strategies alter through Economic conditions. Industry analysts contend that the most favorable barometer for the industry is Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The basis of the argument is that downturns within the industry coincide with economic recessions. As technology advances and as the price of technology seems to keep escalating, communication media find ways to create game changing, revolutionary and cost-effective techniques. Media in turn look for ways to satisfy customer demands and to create competitive pricing options for commercial purposes. In other words, it is the demand of media and their strategies that create the competitive structure in which they develop their products. Needless to say, media still conduct their own market research through consolidating with their customers to find the best products to develop for the best solution. According to marketing and advertising rules and guidelines, consumers always impress upon the advertisements they see.

Vitamin B12 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vitamin B12 - Research Paper Example B12 is also known as coblamin, and the human body has large reserves of this type of vitamin inside it .The absorption of this vitamin is made possible through distil ileum; however the absorption depends on several factors, one of them is stomach, while the other is R binding factor. It is the only existent metabolite that contains cobalt. They are responsible for proper growth since they are cofactors in number of enzymes. Vitamin B12 helps in maturation of Deoxyribonucleic acid and is responsible for the proper working of both white blood cells and red blood cells. Mostly found in animal products, and are synthesized only by micro organisms. Very human body contains large reserve pool. It is primarily stored in the liver. It helps avoiding the heart diseases to large extent by keeping the blood level of amino acid homocysteine low. In elder age it helps preventing many diseases and problems (John.N.Hathcock, 2004). Vitamin B12 is found richly in meat, fish, cereals, eggs and other dairy foods. Coblamin is the largest and most complex vitamin. They are mostly manufactured by bacteria and found naturally in animal products, however, synthetic forms are widely available and added to many foods .They can be consumed in large doses because excess is excreted by the body or stored in the liver for use when supplies are scarce. Stores of B-12 can last for up to a year. Vitamin B12, along with vitamin B works to make our body’s building block D.N.A. Deficiency of vitamin B12 can cause many problems: in some cases the problems can lead to include anemia, while in others it can result in neural problems. It is essential for protecting the nerve cells from damage. Its deficiency is caused by mal absorption. Usage of vitamin b-12 in proper amount is very important, it can have serious negative repercussions incase it is taken excessively, it can have a negative impact on the nervous system, respiratory system, can result in hyperactivity. The following can result from

Creole linguistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Creole linguistics - Essay Example One of the problems of definition stems from the way in which the languages are classified. Varieties such as Eskimo pidgin lack some of the structures and linguistic patterns of other types of pidgins. Creole now includes a larger number of languages than before. Questions have arisen as to which groups of languages be classified as creoles or pidgins. Considerations have also been given to breaking down both languages into sub groups and sub types. One should also pay attention to the proximity to the source language. There is also the issue of the varying degrees of creoles as spoken in some Caribbean states, for example. The question as to what extent socio cultural and socio historical factors play in the development of the languages should also be considered. Mufwene argued that the term pidgins and creoles were loosely used by European settlers and thus does not satisfy the criteria to be called languages because of the lack of certain linguistic features. He limits the term creole to those former pidgin languages in parts of the Pacific and West Africa. Thompson another writer examined the languages in terms of their historical natures. Her distinction of creoles and pidgins from bilingual mixed languages is based on social, historical, and linguistic aspects. Her claim also presents conflict especially when one looks at languages such as Tok Pisin. Both writers agreed on the difficulty faced in categorising every language. Conflicts have also arisen in determining the nature of processes of pidgin and creoles as they relate to each other. Historically both languages have been reflective of each other. Some writers, however, view both languages as being different from each other in view of their developmental processes. Others argue that they are independent of each other in terms of formation and use. Some scholars also look at the role children and adult played in the development of both languages. They argue that the morphology and

Vitamin B12 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vitamin B12 - Research Paper Example B12 is also known as coblamin, and the human body has large reserves of this type of vitamin inside it .The absorption of this vitamin is made possible through distil ileum; however the absorption depends on several factors, one of them is stomach, while the other is R binding factor. It is the only existent metabolite that contains cobalt. They are responsible for proper growth since they are cofactors in number of enzymes. Vitamin B12 helps in maturation of Deoxyribonucleic acid and is responsible for the proper working of both white blood cells and red blood cells. Mostly found in animal products, and are synthesized only by micro organisms. Very human body contains large reserve pool. It is primarily stored in the liver. It helps avoiding the heart diseases to large extent by keeping the blood level of amino acid homocysteine low. In elder age it helps preventing many diseases and problems (John.N.Hathcock, 2004). Vitamin B12 is found richly in meat, fish, cereals, eggs and other dairy foods. Coblamin is the largest and most complex vitamin. They are mostly manufactured by bacteria and found naturally in animal products, however, synthetic forms are widely available and added to many foods .They can be consumed in large doses because excess is excreted by the body or stored in the liver for use when supplies are scarce. Stores of B-12 can last for up to a year. Vitamin B12, along with vitamin B works to make our body’s building block D.N.A. Deficiency of vitamin B12 can cause many problems: in some cases the problems can lead to include anemia, while in others it can result in neural problems. It is essential for protecting the nerve cells from damage. Its deficiency is caused by mal absorption. Usage of vitamin b-12 in proper amount is very important, it can have serious negative repercussions incase it is taken excessively, it can have a negative impact on the nervous system, respiratory system, can result in hyperactivity. The following can result from

Public School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Public School - Essay Example Mr. Bellamy, the magazine's circulation director, brought together those words to be recited by children in celebration of Columbus Day. The pledge was reprinted and sent out to schools across the country, and more than 12 million students joined in that year. Very shortly after that, Mr. Bellamy's composed words became an everyday service in the nation's classrooms. The words "my Flag" were replaced by the phrase "the Flag of the United States of America", in June 1923, at the National Flag Conference in Washington. In 1924 the oath's wording was changed slightly (the original "my flag" became "the flag of the United States of America"). Officially recognized by the government in 1942, the pledge became compulsory in some public schools, but the following year the Supreme Court ruled that recitation could not be required of any individual. It continues, however, to be mandatory or recommended in a majority of the states and is a daily fixture in most American classrooms. The final alteration to the pledge occurred in 1954 when, by a joint order of Congress, the words "under God" were inserted. The change is usually ascribed to a cold-war attempt at differentiating the United States from officially atheistic Communist countries. The addition caused little stir when it was enacted, but in 2002 opposition to it resulted in a federal appeals court ruling that the words are unconstitutional because they violate the First Amendment's prohibition against government endorsement of religion. An appeal of the controversial decision is pending. (W. Baer, 1992) Thesis Statement An allegiance to one's country eventually leads to active civic and political involvement and engagement. Body of the Essay Services, forms and customs of patriotism were first employed in the United States between the Civil War and World War I. At the end of the bloodiest civil war of the 19th century, the combatants left the battlefields for political, economic, and cultural arenas, where the struggle to make a nation continued with renewed intensity. In fact, many of the patriotic denotations and rituals that we now take for granted or think of as timeless were created during this period and emerged not from a harmonious, national consensus, but out of fiercely contested debates, even over the wording of the Pledge. Confronted by the dilemma that Americans are made, not born, educators and organizations, such as the Grand Army of the Republic, Women's Relief Corps, and Daughters of the American Republic, campaigned to transform schools, in George Balch's words, into a "mighty engine for the inculcation of patriotism." The point is not to downplay the value of civic knowledge or the promise of America's democratic commitments to equality and justice; rather, it is to help students use their love of country as a motivation to critically assess what is needed to make it better. Public Schools do not intend to turn students into critics of the United States, such that they do not portray any appreciation for its virtues. At the same time, these schools are not failing to assist the students in recognizing the role critique can play as a way to help make society better. An allegiance to one's country eventually leads to active involvement. This is also evident from the survey in a number of public schools.

Winged Writers Enlighten Essay Example for Free

Winged Writers Enlighten Essay Collins’ rhythmic poem, â€Å"Ornithography,† paints a bright, hopeful picture of birds beginning their day in thoughtful, purposeful ways. A light snow that fell in the night does not deter these birds. Instead, this morning offers them renewal, hope, and opportunity. Bright possibilities abound below a high breeze that will soon expose the sun above the dispersing clouds. The birds neither waste this morning nor miss their chance for expression. The various birds are anything but simple as they scurry about and get their work done. Under the feeder, several compose light works as they mix pleasure with sustenance. While a robin engages in self-reflection, a crow lays down his opinion on current events. Even the young chick is thoughtful and busy with a list. Unlimited by their binary alphabet, they are busy as bees. A captivated observer watches the prolific birds in silence and wonder behind the clear barrier of a pane. She is motionless as she marvels at the sophisticated scribes. Small wings and thin legs move quickly, but much more slowly than their intensely active minds. The girl behind the window realizes that little birds with little brains are capable of expansive thought and expression. So, she has boundless possibilities for action and expression with her complex mind and an alphabet that contains twenty four more letters. Suddenly, the busy birds took flight. Were they startled by a predator or a canine wail? More likely, these sophisticated little creatures disbanded in unison after agreeing for a change of scene on this glorious morning. The sun breaking through the clouds spurred them to rise toward the high wind. While floating on the zephyr, they could reflect on writings and revisions. And, the girl could watch and wonder about how to put this bright day to its best use.

Pathophysiology Underlying Pernicious Anaemia Biology Essay

Pathophysiology Underlying Pernicious Anaemia Biology Essay The following essay explores the pathophysiology underlying pernicious anaemia, with reference to primary sources. In order to fully understand the pathophysiology of pernicious anaemia, normal physiology is also discussed. With this in mind, contemporary treatments and management strategies that are currently in place are then critically appraised using the latest literature. Pernicious anaemia, typically seen in the over 60s, is the most common type of megalobastic anaemia and is usually attributed to the end stage of type A chronic atrophic (autoimmune) gastritis, which in turn leads to Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency (Toh et al., 1997). Autoimmune gastritis and pernicious anemia are common autoimmune diseases with respective prevalences of 2 and 0.15-1% in the general population (De block et al, 2008). It only manifests once all cobalamin stores (from the liver) have been depleted. Fundamentally, pernicious anaemia results from a lack of intrinsic factor (IF), which is a glycoprotein required for the absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of dietary sources of cobalamin (Toh and Alderuccio, 2004). Pernicious anaemia presents with a vast spectrum of signs and symptoms, including glossitis, generalised weakness, parasthesia, weight loss, infections, nausea, confusion and an unsteady gait. On a long term basis, patients are predisposed to gastric cancer. Haematologically, erythrocytes are normochromic and megalobastic (mean corpuscular volume is increased above 80-95fl in adults (Hoffbrand and Proven, 1997)). The condition is more common in females and is also thought to be more common in people with blood group A. In addition, those with a family history of pernicious anaemia are at an increased risk, along with people suffering from other autoimmune diseases such as Addisons disease (Hoffbrand and Proven, 1997). A more thorough understanding into the pathophysiology of the disease will enable contemporary treatment and management of the disease to be critically appraised. Martens et al., (2002) explain that under normal circumstances, cobalamin is vital for nuclear maturation and DNA synthesis in erythrocytes by means of catalysing the action of methionine synthase and R-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. Vitamin B12 cannot be synthesised by the body therefore dietary intake is essential. It is stored in the liver (2-5mg), and recommended daily amounts are 2-5ÃŽÂ ¼g (Malouf and Areosa, 2003). The pathway for absorption of dietary cobalamin is vital in maintaining hepatic stores. According to Berne et al. (2004), it takes four hours for cobalamin to appear in the blood following ingestion and peak plasma levels occur 6-8 hours after a meal. Andres et al., (2004) describe the metabolic pathway of cobalamin following ingestion. In short, cobalamin ingested in the diet is bound to animal protein which is released upon contact with pepsin and hydrochloric acid. Meanwhile, parietal and salivary cells release R-Protein which binds to the free cobalamin. Intrinsic factor is also released by parietal cells but this has a weaker affinity to cobalamin than R-Protein. The release of intrinsic factor by parietal cells is mediated by histamine, acetylcholine and gastrin which are physiological agonists of hydrochloric acid secretion (Berne et al., 2004). Pancreatic enzymes degrade both biliary and dietary cobalamin-R protein complexes. This releases free cobalamin, allowing it to bind with intrinsic factor. In the brush border of the ileum the intrinsic factor cobalamin complex attaches to mucosal cell receptors (cubilin) (Andres et al., 2004). Free intrinsic factor does not compete for binding, whilst free cobalamin is not recognis ed by cubilin (Berne et al., 2004). This highlights the importance of intrinsic factor. The cobalamin binds to transport proteins (transcobalamin I, II and III). Attached to the transcobalamin, the cobalamin is then transported systemically via the portal system. Absorption into the ileal cells occurs by means of receptor mediated endocytosis of the transcobalamin-cobalamin complex. The cobalamin is then separated from the transport protein and converted into one of two coenzymes, methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin. It should also be noted that passive diffusion of cobalamin occurs at a rate of 1.2% of that absorbed, across the small bowel (Nyholm et al., 2003). Once metabolised it then acts as a cofactor and coenzyme for DNA synthesis, methione synthesis from homocysteine and conversion of propionyl into succinyl coenzyme A from methylmalonate (Andres et al., 2004). As discussed above, cobalamin is essential for DNA synthesis. Inhibition of DNA synthesis in red blood cells results in the formation of fragile megaloblastic erythrocytes. In addition to this, symptoms involving the nervous system, such as parasthesia occur as a result of demyelination of neurones (Malouf and Areosa, 2003). In order to analyse treatments in place, the pathophysiology of pernicious anaemia will now be discussed. Much of the evidence surrounding pernicious anaemia connects it to autoimmune chronic gastritis. Later symtoms such as parasthesia are directly as a result of cobalamin deficiency. The lack of intrinsic factor required for the absorption of cobalamin is as a result of loss of parietal cells and antibodies towards both intrinsic factor and the parietal cells (Toh et al., 1997). In order to further understand the development of pernicious anaemia, the early stages of atrophic gastritis must first be understood. Alderuccio and Toh (2000) explain that in its early stages, atrophic gastritis begins with infiltration of the gastric submucosa with inflammatory cells. Over time, this extends into the lamina propria, which ultimately leads to the destruction of parietal and zymogenic cells. These are then replaced by mucus containing cells. Bergman et al., (2003) state that autoimmune gastritis, which underlies pernicious anaemia occurs due to autoantibodies to gastric parietal cells. Specifically, the H+/K+ ATPase part of parietal cells, which is responsible for the secretion of hydrogen by parietal cells, which are recognised by CD4+ T cells. Subsequently, achlorhydria, low serum levels of pepsinogen I and increased gastrin levels also results. In patients with pernicious anaemia, these autoantibodies, along with autoantibodies towards intrinsic factor can usually be detected in patient serum and gastric fluid, with levels being directly proportional to the concentration of parietal cells (Toh and Alderuccio, 2004). Toh and Alderuccio (2004) also explain that two types of intrinsic factor autoantibodies have been identified. Type I bind to the cobalamin binding site of the intrinsic factor, whilst type II bind to a remote site. Berne et al., (2004) state that these autoantibodies act by preventing the binding of cobal amin to the intrinsic factor. Toh and Alderuccio (2004) suggest that parietal cell antibodies are a marker of autoimmune gastritis, whilst intrinsic factor antibodies are actually a marked feature of pernicious anaemia. This is because the presence of only the antibodies to the H+/K+ ATPase of the parietal cell suggests that the gastric lesion is likely to remain at its preliminary stages. In contrast, when intrinsic factor antibodies are present the gastric atrophy is at its end stage, which is associated with pernicious anaemia. In patients with pernicious anaemia, 90% have intrinsic factor autoantibodies. However, as the parietal cell mass reduces, the number of antibodies reduces as a result of the loss of antigenic drive. Therefore the presence of parietal cell antibodies alone are not diagnostic of the progression to pernicious anaemia. Toh and Alderuccio (2004) also explain that as a result of limited research in the field over the past 30 years combined with a 20-30 year developmental timescale of pernici ous anaemia, it is currently unknown whether or not all patients positive for parietal cell antibodies will develop pernicious anaemia. Therefore, more research is required to confirm the developmental process of the antibodies. Genetic factors play a significant role in the development of chronic gastritis and therefore subsequently pernicious anaemia, demonstrated by the presence of autoantibodies and clustering of the disease within families and amongst those with underlying autoimmune diseases. Gorden et al., (2004) state that a lack of intrinsic factor secretion can be attributed to the destruction of parietal cells as a result of adult onset gastric atrophy, or it may be congenital. They claim that the congenital deficiency is thought to be autosomal recessive. Lahner and Annibale (2009) also suggest genetic susceptibility as a result of human leucocyte antigen- DR genotypes. In addition, they also provide a crucial link between pernicious anaemia and the development of intestinal type gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric carcinoid type I. De Block et al., (2008) suggest that in patients with type one diabetes the risk of autoimmune gastritis, in turn leading to pernicious anaemia is increased by three to five times. With this in mind, they suggest that this provides a strong rationale for the implementation of a screening programme with early diagnosis and periodic examination via gastroscopy. Toh and Gleeson (1997) also acknowledge that pernicious anaemia is associated with autoimmune conditions, especially those affecting the endocrine system such as autoimmune thyroiditis, type one diabetes and Addisons disease. However, they also recognise that chronic gastritis can also develop secondary to alcoholism, hot tea and smoking. In addition, partial or total gastrectomy causes intrinsic factor deficiency due to the loss of parietal cells. Helicobacter Pylori infection has been identified as a potential causative factor in the development of cobalamin deficiency (Kaptan et al, 2000). This is consistent with Hersko et al., (2006) who question previous claims that pernicious anaemia is a disease of the elderly. They agree that the autoimmune cascade is triggered by Helicobacter Pylori infection, occurring decades prior to the presentation of cobalamin deficiency. Toh and Alderuccio (2004) also state that Helicobacter Pylori is likely to induce autoreactive T cells, cause epitope spreading and bystander activation, although they do recognise that its involvement remains controversial. This should therefore be considered in the development of novel treatments, focusing on the screening and eradication of Helicobacter Pylori infection. Current recommendations for patients with autoimmune gastritis include testing and treatment (Toh and Alderuccio, 2004). Berne et al., (2004) discuss pernicious anaemia in childhood, which whilst is rare, should not be disregarded since this also challenges the idea of pernicious anaemia being exclusively a disease of the elderly. They claim that there are three forms in childhood which are autoimmune, congenital intrinsic factor deficiency (with normal pepsin and hydrochloric acid) and congenital Vitamin B12 malabsorption syndrome, where there are reduced ileal intrinsic factor cobalamin receptors. Ardill et al., (1998) proposed that in addition to intrinsic factor and parietal cells, there may also be an autoantibody to gastrin. They state that autoantibodies arise when there is a break down in immunological tolerance. In pernicious anaemia, gastrin levels are normally, but not always elevated due to achlorhydria at the end stage of autoimmune gastritis. This leads to failure of the negative feedback mechanism. However the recognition of potential gastrin autoantibodies may obscure plasma gastrin levels, giving lower results than would be the case without the presence of the autoantibodies. This suggests another potential line of treatment where more research is required to determine how effective it may be. Having discussed the pathophysiology of pernicious anaemia, current treatment and management of the disease will now be appraised. As discussed, cobalamin is essential for DNA synthesis. Pernicious anaemia is as a result of a lack of intrinsic factor leading to an inability to absorb cobalamin from the diet. With this in mind, current treatment in the UK involves regular intramuscular injections (monthly to three monthly), which bypass the gastrointestinal system, therefore avoiding any requirement for intrinsic factor (Nyholm et al., 2003). There is currently no long term cure of the disease with more focus on management as opposed to cure (Oh and Brown, 2003). Vidal et al., (2004) studied the effectiveness of oral versus intramuscular injections of Vitamin B12 in the knowledge that regular injections cost the health service time and money. Contrary to the UK, Canada and Sweden already use oral supplementation at doses high enough for passive absorption to take effect. Vidal et al., (2004) state that the passive diffusion of cobalamin across the ileum, without the requirement for intrinsic factor, accounts for 1.2% of the total absorbed. Therefore they propose through their own research, that a dose of 2000ÃŽÂ ¼g of oral vitamin B12 daily, reduced to 1000ÃŽÂ ¼g daily, then weekly, then monthly, is likely to be as successful as intramuscular injections at replacing hepatic stores and reversing short term haematological and neurological effects. Andres et al., (2008) state that in order to manage pernicious anaemia, 1000ÃŽÂ ¼g per day of oral cyanocobalamin is required. With a total storage in the liver of 2-5mg, and 1.2% of absorpti on occurring passively, hepatic stores should be replenished at this dose. Nyholm et al., (2003) also found oral to be equally effective whilst reducing costs of nurse visits and enabling patients to have the choice. They studied 89 patients over 18 months and found no haematological differences to intramuscular administration. Walraven et al., (2001) also agree and found that there would be substantial savings if guidelines were implemented on a national level to change the standard practice to oral versus intramuscular. More recently, Butler et al., (2006) carried out a systematic review comparing oral and intramuscular administration in Vitamin B12 deficient patients. Once again, they agreed with the above evidence. Lederle (1991) initially proposed oral supplementation as medicines best kept secret. Therefore, 19 years on, further research is still required for medics to use oral tablets preferentially with appropriate guidelines in place, or indeed to rule this out as an option. In order to ensure that patients are receiving the best possible treatment, effective tests must be performed to enable accurate diagnosis. Oh and Brown (2003) discuss the use of the measurement of methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels which are raised in even the early stages of pernicious anaemia. The traditionally used Schilling Test is less sensitive and works by measuring urinary excretion of Vitamin B12, therefore estimating its absorption. Testing for Helicobacter Pylori would also dramatically improve outcomes by means of eradication of the infection (Alderuccio and Toh, 2004). Alderuccio and Toh (2004) also concluded that more research is required into the field of autoantibodies specific to pernicious anaemia. Further research would enable novel treatments to be considered. In addition, genetic testing may prove useful, since there is a confirmed link within families. Also, it has been suggested that regular screening should occur for those with other autoimmune condit ions (De Block et al., 2008). It should be questioned that with so much evidence to suggest that pernicious anaemia is directly associated with autoimmune gastritis, why is there not more screening in place to prevent its effects taking place. In addition, clear associations have been made within families and in individuals with other autoimmune diseases. In terms of the prevention of the autoimmune process, no cures have been found. However, more research should be implemented into the replacement of intrinsic factor. This would perhaps be an option since according to Berne et al., (2004) free intrinsic factor does not compete for binding at the mucosal cell receptors of the ileum. In addition, the eradication and treatment of Helicobacter Pylori should be addressed. In the meantime, the vast research that suggests that oral therapy may be just as effective as parenteral with large enough doses to take advantage of the passive diffusion of cobalamin across the small bowel. However, it is extremely important not to disregard the potential long term effects of pernicious anaemia, such as the predisposition to gastric carcinoma. This highlights the need to treat each patient on an individual basis, taking effective measures to monitor for changes. Word Count: 2533.

Our Day Out by Willy Russell :: English Literature

A major theme in ‘Our Day Out’ is the lack of education and opportunity for young people in the inner city. Using scenes from the play, show how Willy Russell makes the audience aware of this theme. Introduction. The play that I am writing about is called ‘Our Day Out’ and it was written by Willy Russell. The main theme of the play is to tell the reader what life was like for people (mainly children) in Liverpool in the 1970s and what their education was like. During the 1970s 100 000 jobs were lost in Liverpool because the docks had been closed and all of the factories were closing down. The unemployment went up, the streets got dirty, there was no money in education and the only thing that the kids could do was play on the streets and get into trouble. I think that this is like the play by Willy Russell because all the factories were closing down, the docks had been closed and there was rubbish all over the streets. It’s also the same because all the kids had given up on life and their teachers had given up on them ever getting a job. The play is about under achieving children who have been given the chance to go on a trip to Conwy Castle in Wales. Their teacher knows that there is no hope for them and they don’t want to learn anything. She is also a soft teacher so the headmaster decides to send a strict teacher along with her. As well as the castle they also went to the zoo, the beach and the funfair. Part 1: Carol at the school gates. Carol’s use of language shows how there is a lack of education and opportunity in Liverpool at this time by the way that she says words like â€Å" Agh, ey, wanna, t’, and goin’ †. She also repeats words and pauses a lot. This shows that she might live in a rough background where people use abbreviations, slag a lot and have poor communication skills. Carol is suppose to be funny because she acts like she is smart and a normal person when she knows that she’s not and this makes her sound even more pathetic. It is also because she agrees with Les when he says ‘There all backwards round here’ and she always asks stupid questions. Carol is fooling her self about living in a nice place because she has no basic skills to get a job and buy a house in. Part 2: At the zoo. When Ronson is stood at the bear pit he is trying to say that even

Book Review of The Face of Battle by John Keegan Essay -- essays resea

THE FACE OF BATTLE John Keegan, the author of â€Å"The Face of Battle† is allowing the reader to view different perspective of history, from the eyes of the soldier. Although by his own account, Keegan acknowledges, â€Å"I have never been in a battle. And I grow increasingly convinced that I have very little idea of what a battle can be like.† Keegan scorns historians for pointing the finger of failure after an evolution occurs and not examining the soldier’s point of view while the battle is transpiring. Keegan chooses the three well documented campaigns of Agincourt in 1415, Waterloo in 1815, and Somme in 1916 to answer the question of his thesis: To find out how men who are faced with the threat of single-missile and multiple-missile weapons control their fears, fix their wounds, and face their death. In his words he is seeking â€Å"to catch a glimpse of the face of battle.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first chapter of his book titled â€Å"Old, Unhappy, Far-off Things† gives Keegan’s recognition to the fact that historians do not focus enough on actual soldiers. To explain this further, what Keegan is saying is that a historian puts things in a pack of sequential dates and times; but to the soldier, these things happen very rapidly and many times without planning. Keegan continues on to make note that when a historian puts together the pain-staking task of compilation of facts, the information is put down on paper as the writer’s view of how the facts unfolded and not from the soldier’s perspective. ..

Beginning of Israel’s History Essay

2006 The Lord said to Abraham, â€Å"I will make you a great nation, and I will bless you, and make your name great; and so you shall be a blessing; and I will bless those who bless you, and the one who curses you I will curse. And in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed† (Genesis 12:2-3). Such promise was made when Abraham had no son hence it was made in reference to the Jewish nation. Willmington (1985) summarized the early history of Israel this way: It is generally known that the nation Israel began with the call of Abraham in Genesis 12, that Moses led its people out of Egyptian captivity, and that Joshua brought them into Canaan. After this the nation floundered under the Judges, fluorished under [the father and son kings], David and Solomon, and fragmented again under wicked King Rehoboam. It finally suffered exile at the hands of Assyria and Babylon, only to be returned and restored to the land by God during the days of Zerubbabel, Ezra, and Nehemiah. Israel’s Exiles. The northern kingdom (Israel) and the southern kingdom (Judah) were exiled to Assyria in 722 B. C. and to Babylon in 587 B. C. , respectively. These exiles definitely entailed great hardships to the people who were forcibly removed from their homeland to settle in a new territory. Lamentations and weeping were not far from their midst, as the psalmist pictures weeping in Babylon, â€Å"by the rivers of Babylon, we sat down and wept [†¦]. How can we sing the Lord’s song in a foreign land? If I forget you, O Jerusalem, may my right hand forget her skill† (Psalm 137†1-4). Going back to the question posted earlier – if Israel is indeed the chosen nation of God, how could such exiles along with the perils of insecurity and uncertainty happen to them? The answer is both political and theological as evidenced in the Biblical accounts of the exile. Politically, the exile was the result of anti-Babylonian policy adapted by the later kings of Judah. Theologically, both Israel and Judah have the tendency to forsake the Lord and adopt the customs of their heathen neighbors. Such Assyrian and Babylonian captivities that Israel experienced were in line with the prophesy of Moses that if proven disobedient, â€Å"the Lord will scatter [Israel] among the people [†¦],† yet, if they would turn to God, He would be merciful to restore them, â€Å"for the Lord [their] God is a compassionate God; He will not fail [them] nor destroy [them] nor forget the covenant with [their] fathers which He swore to them† (Deuteronomy 4:27-31). As fulfillment of the Lord’s promise, in 536 B. C. , Cyrus issued a decree that permitted the Babylonian exiles to â€Å"rebuild the house of the Lord, the God of Israel† (Ezra 1:1-4). This action of Cyrus was predicted by Isaiah about 150 years earlier, â€Å"Thus says the Lord, your Redeemer, [†¦], it is I who says of Cyrus, ‘He is My Shepherd! And He will perform all My desire. ’ And he declares of Jesuralem, ‘She will be built,’ and of the temple, ‘Your foundation will be laid† (Isaiah 44:24-48). It is noteworthy from these Biblical accounts that only the true God can predict the future with total accuracy. Moreover the decree fulfilled Jeremiah’s prophesy, â€Å"[†¦] ‘I will punish the king of Babylon and that nation,’ declares the Lord [†¦]† (Jeremiah 25:12). The Medes and Persians captured Babylon in 539 B. C. According to the NIV Compact Dictionary of the Bible (1989): The exile served to emphasize the fact that God was in no sense confined to Palestine. He providentially cared for His people in Babylon (cf. Ezekiel 11:16). The experience far away from the land, city and house where the Lord had chosen to dwell, brought to the fore the monotheism of Israel. Their suffering, coupled with face-to-face contact with the realities of false religion, purged the people once and for all of idolatrous desire. Many exiles following the decree of Cyrus remained in the Persian Empire, with the result that in due time Judaism became international in scope. The chastening of Israel is not only evident in the Old Testament accounts. Willmington (1985) cited that, in Jesus’ time mighty Rome ruled over the Holy Land and, four decades after His ascension, [†¦] On September 8, A. D. 70, by God’s judgment, the Jewish Temple in Israel was burned and destroyed by Titus, the Roman general. On October 6, A. D. 1973, by God’s grace, the Jewish state of Israel was saved from destruction from the Egyptians and Syrians. The following is but the briefest summary of those swift-moving, often sorrowful, and always eventful years between [A. D. 70 and A. D. 1973]. These nineteen centuries can be historically divided into ten main periods: Roman Period (A. D. 70-325); Byzantine Period (325-614); Persian Period (614-634); Arab Period (634-1072); Seljuk Period (1072-1099); Crusaders Period (1099-1291); Mameluke Period (1291-1517); Turkish (Ottoman) Period (1517-1917); British Period (1917-1948); and Independent Period (1948-present day). Israel as a Declared Nation A land, a law, a language, and a Lord was given to the nation of Israel when God chose them. But because of Israel’s disobedience to God, God allowed them to be dispersed among the nations as prophesied in Deuteronomy 28. But what God promised in Jeremiah 31:10, â€Å"[†¦] He who scattered Israel will gather him and keep him as a shepherd keeps his flock†, He fulfills. After wandering and being dormant and dead for nearly nineteen long centuries, Israel was once again established as a nation in her beloved land in 1948. And at that time, with a population of only 650,000, Israel defended itself against 40 million Arabs in six Arab states that vowed to destroy them. Outnumbered 1001 to 1 in military equipment, Israel won the war, and has won two thereafter. Some of the key paragraphs in the proclamation of Israel’s freedom read as follows: The land of Israel was the birthplace of the Jewish people. Here their spiritual, religious and national identity was formed. Here they achieved independence and created a culture of national and universal significance. Here they wrote and gave the Bible to the world. [†¦] Our call goes out to the Jewish people all over the world to rally to our side in the task of immigration and development and to stand by us in the great struggle for the fulfillment of the dream of generations – the redemption of Israel (http://stateofisrael.com/declaration). Conclusion Today, though much of the south of Israel’s land is desert, it has a fertile plain along the country’s Mediterranean coastline, which makes Israel as one of six nations that produce enough food to feed themselves and others. The Law of the Sabbath is the law of the land for everyone in Israel, though only 5% of the 6,276,883 population estimated in 2005 make-up the God-fearing Orthodox Jew. Furthermore, Hebrew is the official language, the only dead language that has ever been restored to life in the history of mankind. With a land, a law, and a language revived after two millenia, Israel still has one problem – they still reject the Lord, the very God who has made them as His chosen nation. Perhaps, this fact points out to the primary cause of Israel’s exiles and constant struggle for peaceful coexistence with neighbors dedicated to its destruction. Therefore, the next time someone asks what makes Israel the target of various terrorist organizations, and why is it the most disputed strip of real estate on planet earth, the one who understand the nation of Israel can point the answers to both of Israel’s Biblical narratives and historical texts. Works Cited Declaration of Israel’s Independence1948. Tel Aviv. 14 May 1948 (5th of Iyar, 5708). 11 March 2006 . NIV Compact Dictionary of the Bible. J. D. Douglas and Merill C. Tenney, eds. Michigan: Thje Zondervan Corporation. 1989. Ryrie Study Bible: New American Standard. Charles Caldwell Ryrie, expanded ed. Chicago: Moody Press. 1995. Willmington, H. L. Willmington’s Guide to the Bible. Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. , 1985.

How the Rediscovery of the Works of Aristotle Challenged the Church

Rediscovery of the Works of Aristotle challenged the Church in several ways as it triggered the Scientific Renaissance. This was characterized by many inventions and discoveries. It is the discoveries that challenged the Church then and continue to do even today. Some of these discoveries caused people to start doubting what the church and Christianity beliefs had made them to believe. The developments in the study of the universe especially brought contradictions in what was discovered and what the Church Taught. An example is that while it was discovered that the sun did not move, the Bible which was very fundamental to the Church had verses that implied that the Sun moved. Developments in Astronomy a result of the rediscovery of the works of Aristotle are hence an example of its challenge to the Church (Kretzmann & Stump, 2001). What Scholasticism is and how it attempted to Reconcile Faith with Reason Scholasticism is a method of teaching where learners are encouraged to reason dialectically. This tool for learning enables the learners to learn how to argue with those holding beliefs and ideas that are different from theirs hence are able to persuade them to join them (Alvarez, 1971). The sole objective of Scholasticism was to resolve ideas that were contradicting or conflicting. This is because even though the ideas and beliefs were different, they shared some common principles which brought out the conflicts as individuals argued on which ones were right hence in an attempt to find the answers, Scholasticism was invented. It attempted to reconcile reason and faith by looking using Aristotle's philosophy of human reasoning to explain the Christian faith that was characterized by supernatural contents that could not be easily understood. It sought to bring together the wisdom of the Christianity religion and that of the Aristotle and other Greeks. The movement sought to integrate the two, that is the secular beliefs and Christian beliefs so as to come up with an ordered system used reason to explain faith. 2. How Renaissance Altered Views of Humanity and the Human Relationship with God prevalent during the Middle Ages. Renaissance period which was characterized by numerous cultural changes altered views of humanity in many ways. It emphasized so much on reasoning that some views of humanity that initially were believed to be against humanity became morally right due to reasoning. Most of the issues that are perceived to be inhuman such as suicide for example have their root s in this period. This is because it was during this period that individuals reasoned that actions such as suicide were the better option (Alvarez, 1971). For example it was reasoned that it was better for old people to commit suicide than to continue living as they suffer the complications that come with old age. The stoics were amongst the humanists who supported suicide in the event that it was done under such circumstances. Suicide was now seen and described as good death as it relieved younger people the burden of taking care of or killing individuals who were too old. Humanists such as Plato and Aristotle argued against suicide claiming that no circumstances could justify it as it left the responsibilities of those who killed themselves abandoned and denied the community a citizen who could contribute to its development. Other philosophers such as Jewish and Christian religions however believed that such action were against God’s desire and human good as they affected human responsibility to god as he created life to be preserved. Philosophers such as Michel de Montaigne even challenged condemnation of suicide arguing that it was a moral thing to do under certain circumstances and that it should be perceived as a religious belief but as a matter of choice as every human being had the freedom to choose. During the middle ages, the prevalence of human relationship with God was very low. This can be attributed to the many scientific discoveries that challenged the church and its beliefs hence deviating people’s beliefs from its teachings. The many philosophers and their theories also caused confusion causing their relationship with God not to be as strong as it was before. The Humanists, what they said and how they Contributed to Modern Education. Humanists scholars who challenged some of the philosophers shaped and established intellectual landscape from the middle age period to the present day. These philosophers include Thomas More and Niccolo Machiavelli who criticized contemporary government and some of the secular beliefs. Their theories and teachings revived the Roman’s and Greek's way of thinking and ideas. The challenging of Aristotelian status quo by humanists such as Martin Luther led to the introduction of faith and justification ideas that were new, liberal and radical. The justification theory is very crucial to modern education as many fields of study call for justification to be made before they can be accepted. This goes for research too. 3. How Dangerous Beauty Reflects Values Dominant in Venice and how it depicts relationship patterns between man and women. The fact that Marco was discouraged by his family from veronica even though he loved her implies that individuals in Venice value wealth more than any other thing. Veronica’s decision to become a courtesan in an effort to get money that would support her and her mother reflects the same value of the Venice individuals preferring wealth so much that they could even compromise their principles. The fact that Veronica was not the only one and that even her mother and grandmother had done the same thing implies that prostitution is a dominant thing in Venice especially with men of high social standing. This value has negative impact on the relationship between men and women. This goes especially for the married couples. We observe that Marco's marriage started experiencing problems as he had no intimate relationship with his wife once he started being with Veronica. The marriage eventually broke up. It can be concluded that both the values discussed above negatively affect the relationship between men and women. 4. How Lady Jane show the dynastic and religious conflicts prominent in England in the 16th Century The two weeks that Lady Jane ruled England and her execution brought out the existing dynastic and religious conflicts prominent in the Kingdom. We observe she was not the right person to inherit the throne from Edward VI. The only reason Edward chose her to succeed him and not Mary his half sister who was the rightful heiress at the time was because just like he was, Jane was a staunch protestant while Mary was Catholic. There seems to have been a religious conflict as the English nobles did not want the throne to be given to a catholic. Mary went away and gathered herself support. She later came back and denounced Jane as the Queen of England. According to the law she was the rightful heiress hence the parliament could do nothing but proclaim her as the Queen. Mary then imprisoned Jane and her husband. This brings out the dynasty conflicts in England within the Royal families. When Mary married a Roman catholic Prince from Spain called Philip, the protestants in England rebelled and carried out demonstrations as they were against catholic religion. Some even called fore the restoration of Jane as the Queen. This made Mary to execute her so as to repress any future rebellions and unrest within the kingdom. It was observed that this marked the climax of religious and dynasty conflicts in the kingdom at the time as Protestants did not want to be ruled by Catholics while the Catholics did not want to lose their grip on the throne. It can hence be concluded that dynasty and religious conflicts were prominent in England during the 16th Century. 5. The Hundred Schools of Thought, their chief Theorists, and what they said. Especially Confucius. The hundred schools of thought were schools and philosophers that sprang up and got established from the period 770-221B. C. E in China. These schools flourished during an era that the country was experiencing culture and intellectual expansion. The thoughts that were developed during this time influence the country up to now. The schools developed were confucianism, school of law, languages, Moism , amongst several others. The theorists of confucianism were Xunzi who argued that humans are not born good but that goodness is a virtue that is developed with time through training of ones conducts and desire. Mengzi another confucianism theorists argued that every individual had a responsibility and obligation to every one else in the society and not just to those they were acquainted with. He explained that one had to be careful in their action as they affected many people. Kongzi argued that ideal human beings were those that were gentlemen. He also explained social stratification and political governance could only exist peacefully by ethical values. He argued that good leader needed to be virtues in order for them to rule well. He added that the best relationship was achieved when leaders remained leaders while subjects accordingly remained so. 6. Buddhist Thought. The Buddhist Thought is based on three fundamental principles namely impermanence, selflessness and unsatisfactoriness. The thought is that all; things in life come from one source and eventually go back to the same source. It explains that everything in the world is connected to each other and none can exist independently or occurs apart from the rest. Its view is that everything in the world undergoes transformation and some change during its existence. This according to the thought is that things do not cease to exist, they only change their state through transformation and exist in other forms. This thought is what explains the religion's belief in rebirth. 7. Historians talk about the revolution of the 11th Century, which launch a series of conflicts between Church and state. What form did these conflicts take? The 11th century was characterized by many conflicts between the Church and state. These conflicts were mainly between kings and Popes. As both parties sought to have more power than the other, conflicts arose. Initially monarchs had ruled both the throne and the church as it was believed that they had divine right. But then, in contrast the pope was believed to be God's vicar on earth hence having the divine authority from God to the state. (Elliott, 1877). This resulted to the church having more power in the West but as secular kingdoms flourished, power struggle between the two sprang up. The conflict was between the secular ideologies of the state and the sacred ideologies of the church. Eventually the church lost some of its powers to the state.

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Criminal Law Foundations Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Overcoming Cultural Barriers to Change Essay Example for Free

Overcoming Cultural Barriers to Change Essay There is a popular saying â€Å"the only thing that is constant is change† by the Greek philosopher Heraclitus. What it simply means is that the only guarantee in life is that things do not always stay the same. Change is needed to grow and advance in life. In the corporate and healthcare industries, change is happening all the time. This article addresses how the Corporate Culture within an entity can aid or hurt the change process at hand. Corporate Culture is defined as a set of characteristics that define a particular company. It involves employee attitudes, values, customs, standards, policies and procedures, and rites and rituals. It defines how a company performs and how it gets things accomplished toward either a positive or negative outcome. The article describes the characteristics of a high performance corporate culture and a low performance corporate culture. In a high performance corporate culture the individuals are more willing to embrace the changes compared to a company were low performance corporate culture is the norm. When organizations are able to adopt change and readily execute systems to carry it out, they tend to be more prosperous. A company with a low performance corporate culture can place a burden on the attempts to change, making it more difficult for everybody involved from management all the way to customers. The article also gives advice on how to overcome cultural barriers to move the culture from low performing to high performing. Some of these principles include giving rewards, showing by example, encouraging involvement, repetition, stating over and over the change and how it will benefit the organization and the expectations from the team and be passionate. By considering the organization’s culture, and acknowledging any key barriers to change, one can help make the change initiative more successful. Perseverance, communication, and passion is needed to build and support new ways of working. Building a higher-performance culture is fundamental to the organizations ability to adapt and change, and to its lasting prosperity. References Last Name, F. M. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title, Pages From To. Last Name, F. M. (Year). Book Title. City Name: Publisher Name.